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4014PM -Fundamental A&P > Week 2-Cells & Respiratory System > Flashcards

Week 2-Cells & Respiratory System Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Name 6 levels of structural organisation in the human body

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Organ System
  6. Organism
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2
Q

Examples of chemical structural organisation

A

E.g. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, DNA, Sodium Chloride and Fatty Acids etc.

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3
Q

Explain the chemical structural organisation

A

Smallest unit of organisation made up of atoms and molecules

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4
Q

Examples of cellular structural organisation

A

E.g., the nucleus, leukocytes, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, erythrocytes, mitochondria etc.

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5
Q

Explain the cellular structural organisation

A

Smallest independently functioning units of an organism. Made up of molecules to form cells

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6
Q

Explain Tissue structural organisation

A

Made up of groups of cells

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7
Q

Name 4 Examples of Tissue structural organisation

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

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8
Q

Explain Epithelial Tissue

A

A thin, protective layer of cells covers the body’s internal and external surfaces

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9
Q

Examples of Epithelial tissue

A

E.g. glands, skin, oesophagus, lining of organs, Nose, eyes, and ears

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10
Q

Explain Connective Tissue

A

A type of tissue in the body that provides structure, support, protection and helps move nutrients e.g. bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons etc.

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11
Q

Examples of Connective tissue

A

E.g. Bone, Cartilage, Lymph, Skin, Tendon, Ligaments, Muscles

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12
Q

Explain Muscular Tissue

A

Specific Cells called muscle fibres or myocytes that are specialised in contraction

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13
Q

Name 3 Examples of Muscular Tissue

A

Smooth, Cardiac, Skeletal

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14
Q

Explain Nervous Tissue

A

Made up of nerve cells that detect, process and coordinate info

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15
Q

Examples of Nervous Tissue

A

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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16
Q

Explain Organ Structural Organisation

A

Composed of two or more tissue types. Specific organ performs one or more specific physiological functions

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17
Q

Examples of Organs

A

Heart, Lungs, Stomach, Liver, Kidney, Uterus, and Ovary

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18
Q

Explain Organ System

A

Group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet the body’s physiological needs.

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19
Q

Name all 11 Organ Systems

A

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary & Reproductive

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20
Q

Explain Golgi complex

A

Processing and packaging proteins and lipids within the cell

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21
Q

Explain Nucleus

A

Controls the cell’s activities by storing and processing DNA

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22
Q

Explain Mitochondria

A

The primary function is to generate energy in the form of ATP, essential for various cellular processes

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23
Q

Explain Centrioles

A

Centrioles are essential for cell division. Crucial for accurately distributing genetic material during cell division.

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24
Q

Explain Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Covered with ribosomes, giving it a rough appearance. RER is responsible for protein synthesis and modification.

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25
Explain Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Not Covered ribosomes, giving it a smooth appearance. SER synthesises lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol.
26
Explain Ribosomes
Made up of RNA and protein that are responsible for protein synthesis through translating the genetic code into proteins
27
Name three stages of respiration
1. Pulmonary Ventilation 2. External (Pulmonary) Respiration 3. Internal (Tissue) Respiration
28
Explain Pulmonary Ventilation
The process of air flowing into the lungs during inhalation and out of the lungs during exhalation.
29
Explain External Respiration
The exchange of gases between outside environments and alveoli
30
Explain Internal Respiration
The exchange of gases between blood in capillaries and body cells.
31
Explain Boyles Law
The pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container. This means that when the pressure increases, the volume decreases and vice versa
32
How does Boyles's Law apply to breathing?
Once a pressure difference is created between the air outside and inside the lungs inhalation and exhalation can occur
33
What main 2 body parts are involved in creating the pressure difference that causes inhalation?
Diaphragm - When it contracts downwards, it increases the volume of the thoracic cavity intercostal Muscles: When it contracts, it pulls the ribs upward and outward and increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
34
Name 3 Parts of Upper Respiratory System
Nose, Nasal cavity, Mouth, Pharynx, Larynx and Sinuse
35
Name 3 Parts of Lower Respiratory System
Lungs, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Diaphragm and Capillaries.
36
Name 2 of 4 Major Types of Lung Respiratory Volumes
Tidal Volume (TV) Residual Volume (RV) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
37
Name 2 of 4 Major Types of Respiratory Capacities
Total lung capacity (TLC) Vital capacity (VC) Inspiratory capacity (IC) Functional residual capacity (FRC)
38
What Tidal Volume (TV)?
TV is the amount of air passing into and out of the lungs during each cycle of breathing
39
What is Residual Volume (RV)?
RV is the amount of air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation
40
What is the importance of Residual Volume?
It makes breathing easier as the remaining air prevents the alveoli from collapsing
41
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) ?
The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal breath
42
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal breath
43
What is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?
TLC is the total amount of air their lungs are capable of housing
44
What is Vital Capacity (VC)?
The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after maximal inhalation
45
What is Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?
The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation
46
What is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?
The amount of air in the lungs after a normal Tidal exhalation
47
What is Dalton's Law ?
In a mixture of gases, each gas will exert its own pressure as if no other gases are present
48
What is the Henry Law's ?
The quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to its pressure and its solubility
49
Which part of the brain controls breathing?
Medulla Obolongata
50
Define Simple Diffusion
Simple diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
51
Define Osmosis
The movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a solution with a low solute concentration to a solution with a higher solute concentration until equilibrium of concentration is reached
52
Define Facilitated Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion involves specific proteins that interact with the molecules being transported across a cell membrane
53
Define Active Transport
Active transport is a process that involves the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient using ATP for energy
54
Define Exocytosis
Exocytosis is the process by which cells move substances from within the cell out into the extracellular fluid.
55
Define Endocytosis
Endocytosis is the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle.
56
Define Hydrophilic
Water‐loving, soluble in water.
57
Define Hydrophobic
Water‐hating, insoluble in water and soluble in lipids
58
Define Isotonic
If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there will be no net flow of water into or out of the cell, and the cell’s volume will remain stable.
59
Define Hypotonic
If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, there will be a net flow of water into the cell, and the cell will gain volume.
60
Define Hypertonic
If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, there will be a net flow of water out of the cell, and the cell will lose volume.

4014PM -Fundamental A&P (7 decks)

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