Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SOM 201 > WEEK 2: COMPONENTS OF BLOOD > Flashcards

WEEK 2: COMPONENTS OF BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

Outline Physical Characteristics of Blood.

*Color range, pH, Temperature

A
  • Color range
  • O2-rich: scarlet red
  • O2-poor: dull red
  • pH 7.35–7.45
  • Slightly higher than
    body temp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

State the functions of blood.

A

*Deliver O2
* Remove metabolic wastes
* Maintain temperature, pH, & fluid volume
* Protection from blood loss-platelets
* Prevent infection-antibodies & WBC
* Transport hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

State the constituents of blood.

A

*Red blood cells
*Platelets
*Plasma
*White blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a complete blood count used to screen for?

A
  • Screens for:
  • anemia
  • infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Outline the components of a complete blood count.

A

*RBC count- 10^12 (12-16)
- hemoglobin - g/dL (4-5.20)
- hematocrit- (0.360-0.460)
- WBC count- 10^9/L (4-11)
- differential WBC count 10^9/L (
- platelet count 10^9/L (150-400)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Outline Plasma Proteins & Their Role.

A
  • Albumin - Transportation
    (65-85 g/l) Regulation of oncotic pressure
    Regulation of pH
  • Globulin -
    α - transport & serve as substrates (28 g/l)
    β - Transportation
    γ - Defense
  • Fibrinogen - Blood clotting (hemostasis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is tonicity?

A

. The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into or out of a cell by osmosis is known as its tonicity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

State the types of tonicity.

A

Hypertonic solution: A solution will be hypertonic to a cell if its solute concentration is higher than that inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane.

*Hypotonic solution: If the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane.

*Isotonic solution: If the solute concentration outside the cell is the same as inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane, then that solution is isotonic to the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

The production of blood cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

State the centers for blood cell production: -
* During Embryonic (Fetal) phase:
* After Birth:

A
  • During Embryonic (Fetal) phase:
  • yolk sac, liver, spleen, thymus
    gland, lymph nodes, and bone
    marrow
  • After Birth:
  • red bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the lifespan of red blood cells?

A

120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

State the amount of RBC in males and females.

A

In male: 4.0-5.0 × 10^12 /L
In female: 3.5-4.5 × 10^12 /L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Classify RBC according to:
*Size
*Color
*

A

*According to size:
Normocytes - Normal sized RBCs
Microcytes - Small sized RBCs
Macrocytes - Large sized RBCs

  • According to color:
    Normochromic - Normal colored RBCs
    Hyperchromic - Darker, due to increased hemoglobin
    Hypochromic - Paler, due to decreased hemoglobin.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define the following terms used to determine RBC.

*Mean Cell hemoglobin (MCH)
*Mean Cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

A

*It is a measurement of the amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells.

*It is a measure of the average concentration of hemoglobin inside a single red blood cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the following RBC diseases.
*Anemia
*Polycythemia
*Sickle cell anemia

A

1.Anaemia:
-low O2 carrying capacity of RBC;
-insufficient RBC or iron deficiency.

2.Polycythemia:
*Excess of RBCs
*Viscosity of blood; 8-11 million cells/mm3.
*Usually caused by cancer, tissue hypoxia, dehydration; however, may naturally occur at high elevations

3.Sickle-cell anemia:
*HbS results mutation in one of the 287 aa in the b chain in the globin molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

State the types of WBC and their classes

A

1.Granulocytes
*Neutrophils 40-70%
*Eosinophils 1-4%
*Basophils <1%

2.Agranulocytes
*Lymphocytes 20-45%
*Monocytes 4-8%

17
Q

Describe neutrophils and state their functions.

A
  • 60-70% of total WBCs
  • nucleus usually consists of 3
    lobes linked by fine threads of chromatin
  • contain two types of granules

Functions:
- First line of defense (site inflammation).
- Acute infections - Multi functional cells that attack and destroy viruses and bacteria.
- Phagocytize pathogens

18
Q

Describe lymphocytes and their functions.

A

*20-25%
* spherical nucleus, occupies most
of cell
* produced & differentiated in the
bone marrow and thymus
* reside in spleen, lymph nodes,
tonsils, etc.
* produce antibodies &
antimicrobial chemicals

B-lymphocytes: humoral immunity.

T-lymphocytes: cell -mediated immunity

19
Q

Describe the B cells and their function.

A
  • Differentiate in the bone marrow.
  • B-cells differentiate into plasma cells which further produces 5 classes of antibodies that provides immunity
  • Different types of B cells that respond to only one type of
    antigen
  • When in contact with specific antigen, cell is converted into plasma cell
  • Plasma cells then produce antibodies for that antigen
20
Q

State the functions of different T-cells.

A

Differentiate in the thymus T Cells

  • 80% of circulating lymphocytes
  • Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8) directly kill tumor cells& aims to eliminate: - Virus-infected cells - Cancer cells - & also cause graft rejection.
  • Helper T-cells (CD4): Help activity of other immune cells
  • Suppressor T-cells stimulate and inhibit activities of other lymphocytes (tolerance)
  • Other T-cells: release chemicals that stimulate macrophage
21
Q
  • Oval nucleus
  • Horseshoe-shaped, or kidney shaped nucleus

Functions:
* Antigen – presentation function
* They differentiate into macrophages which can
phagocytose up to 100 bacteria.
* Enter tissue spaces and become macrophages
* Phagocytize pathogens
* Important in chronic infections

What types of WBC are these?

A

Monocytes

22
Q

Describe and state the functions of eosinophils.

A

*2-4%
* bilobed nucleus & large granules

Functions:
* migrate to the site of infection.
* defense against parasitic infections (increased number
associated with)
* Weak phagocytes.
* allergic response: contains histaminase, therefore reduces allergic reaction.

23
Q

Describe and state the functions of Basophils.

A
  • 0.4-1.0%
  • irregular-lobed nucleus
  • granules contain heparin and histamine
  • secrete histamine in allergic reactions
    – Histamine – for vasodilation
    – Heparin – anticoagulant
    – IgE & thus participates in allergic reaction along with
    mast cells in tissues
  • Promotes functions of other leukocyte
24
Q

Describe the following WBC diseases.
1.Leukemia
2.Leukocytosis
3.Leukopenia
2.Mononucleosis

A

*Leukemia- too high WBC

*Leukocytosis- suppresses normal bone marrow function, abnormally high WBC

*Leukopenia- too few WBC; commonly induced by drugs, and anticancer agents

*Mononucleosis- highly contagious viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus, excessive no of agranulocytes.

25
Q

Describe the following bleeding disorders.
1.Thrombocytopenia
2.Hemophilia

A

1.Thrombocytopenia
*Platelet (thrombocyte) deficiency
*Normal movements can cause bleeding
*Petechiae – purple blotches

2.2. Hemophilia
* Hereditary bleeding disorder
* Normal clotting factors missing
*Sex-linked genetic disorder

26
Q

Name and describe the 7 classes of anemia.

A

a. Haemorrhagic – massive bleeding
b. Haemolytic – bacterial infection
c. Pernicious – lack of B12 absorption
d. Aplastic – damage of bone marrow
e. Iron-deficiency – diet, menstrual flow, bleeding ulcer
f. Sickle-cell – recessive genetic disorder.
sickling due to increase CO2/O2 levels.
g. Renal anemia: from kidney disease

27
Q

State the phenotypes for the 4 main blood types.

A

O - i i
A - I A I A or I A i
B - I B I B or I B i
AB - I A I B

28
Q

What is an antigen?
What is an antibody?

A

Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane

Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are made in response to the presence of antigens. (Attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping (agglutination))

29
Q

Would there be a problem or not in the following situation?

*Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby
*Rh- mother w/Rh+ baby
*Rh- mother w/Rh- baby

A
  • no problem
  • Problem
  • no problem

SOM 201 (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions