Week 2: Components Of Research Reports And PICO Flashcards
What are the components of a published research report?
- Title
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Discussions
- References
What does the Title tell you?
- Gives a good indication of how relevant the article is
- Good description of what the research is about
What is the Abstract?
• A summary of the report • Usually includes: - background - research Q or aims - findings - conclusions • used to see if the report might answer your question.
What is the Introduction
- Literature review
- What the study aims to do
- Why is the study needed
- Identifies what the researcher is specifically asking/predicting.
What is the Method?
- Indicates research design (qual/quantitative)
- Sample selection from population group
- Procedures and data collection methods
- Data analysis.
What is a Quantitative Design?
- Hypothesis
- Control/control group
- Survey
- Random/convenience sample
- Variables measured by tools
- Reliability/Validity of tools
- Numbers/statistical analysis
- Objectivity
What is Qualitative Design?
- No numbers
- Focus on subjective info
- No control of phenomenon
- Focus on understanding complexity of people within context of their lives
- Naturally occurring conditions
What is Results?
• Data and data analysis • Themes • Descriptive results • Significance • Tables and figures - Quantitative = statistical procedures - Qualitative = summary of themes
What is Discussion?
- A summary of key findings
- Comparisons of these findings with previous findings
- Speculation about the reasons for the results on the study
- Implications for practice
What is in the Conclusion?
- New knowledge derived from the study
- Consistency or otherwise of findings with previous knowledge
- Limitations (design, sample, measures, procedures)
- Recommendations (Practice, education, research)
PICOT (Patient/population of interest)
- Age group
- Gender
- Population
- Health concern
PICOT (Intervention/exposure)
- Therapeutic, diagnostic, preventive or other health care interventions you’re interested in knowing more about
- What healthcare management strategies are you interested in comparing
PICOT (Comparison of interest)
- Is there a comparison to be evaluated against the intervention?
- Only used if more than one intervention or if no intervention is a factor
PICOT (Outcome of interest)
- What is the desired outcome to be evaluated
- How will the patient of population be affected, or not affected, but the intervention
PICOT (Time)
- What timeframe do you expect to see the outcome
Define Therapy/treatment questions in PICOT
Evidence supports how to select treatments to offer your patients that do more good than harm and that are worth the efforts and costs of using them
Define Diagnostic questions PICOT
Evidence supports how to select and interpret diagnostic tests, in order to conform or exclude a diagnosis, based on considering their precision, accuracy, acceptability, expense, safety ect..
Define Prognosis questions PICOT
Evidence supports how to estimate your patients likely clinical course over time and anticipate likely complications of the disorder.
Define Harm/aetiology questions PICOT
Evidence supports how to identify causes for disease (including its iatrogenic forms).
Strength of study design, the evidence pyramid:
1st: -Systematic reviews and Meta- analyses
- Randomised controlled double blind studies
- Cohort studies
- Case control studies
- Case series
- Case reports
- Ideas, editorials, opinions
- Animal research
- In vitro (‘test tube’) research
