Week 2: Diebel's master doc

Question 1

What polarizes Th1 cells?

Answer 1

IL-12, IL-18, IFN-gamma

Question 2

What do Th1 cells secrete?

Answer 2

IFN-gamma, TNF

Question 3

What cells are responsible for contact hypersensitivity?

Answer 3

Th1 cells

Question 4

What polarizes Th2 cells?

Answer 4

IL-4

Question 5

What do Th2 cells secrete?

Answer 5

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

Question 6

What are Th17 cells polarized by?

Answer 6

TGF-beta, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-23

Question 7

What do Th17 cells secrete?

Answer 7

IL-17 and IL-22

Question 8

What polarizes Tfh cells?

Answer 8

IL-6 and IL-21

Question 9

What do Tfh cells secrete?

Answer 9

IL-4 and IL-21

Question 10

What polarizes Treg cells?

Answer 10

IL-2 and TGF-beta

Question 11

What do Treg cells secrete?

Answer 11

IL-10, IL-35, TGF-beta

Question 12

What does the allele HLA-B27 cause?

Answer 12

ankylosing spondylitis

Question 13

What does the allele HLA-DR2 cause?

Answer 13

10x more likely to develop narcolepsy, also linked to MS, hay fever and SLE

Question 14

What does the allele HLA-A3/B14 cause?

Answer 14

90x more likely to develop hemochromatosis

Question 15

What does the allele HLA-DQ2/GQ8 cause?

Answer 15

celiac disease

Question 16

What does the allele HLA-DR3 cause?

Answer 16

T1DM and Grave’s disease

Question 17

What does the allele HLA-DR4 cause?

Answer 17

RA and T1DM

Question 18

What does the allele HLA-B53 cause?

Answer 18

protection from childhood malaria

Question 19

Describe the molecular interactions that occur between CD4+ T cell and an APC?

Answer 19

1) LFA-1 and ICAM-1 bind to make synapse
2) MHC II interacts with TCR/CD3 and CD4 to recognize
3) CD28 and B7 (CD80/86) provides co-stimulatory signals

Question 20

How many different MHC-I molecules can be expressed?

Answer 20

6

Question 21

How many different MHC-II molecules can be expressed?

Answer 21

12

Question 22

What are the antigen presenting cells?

Answer 22

Macrophage, Dendritic cell, B cell

Question 23

How do macrophages, DC and B cells uptake antigens?

Answer 23

Macrophages: phagocytosis
DC: phagocytosis and endocytosis
B cells: receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 24

Which antigen presenting cells have both constitutively active MHC-II expression with further activation?

Answer 24

DC and B cells

Question 25

What do TAP1/TAP2 proteins do?

Answer 25

transporter associated with antigen processing. These take peptides from proteasomes to take them to RER membranes

Question 26

What does ERAAP do?

Answer 26

helps trim peptide to better fit into MHC1 molecule

Question 27

What does calnexin do?

Answer 27

chaperone protein that ensures proper folding of MHC-1 molecules

Question 28

What does the invariant chain do?

Answer 28

helps to hold MHC alpha and beta chains together before antigen binding

Question 29

What does CLIP do?

Answer 29

Class II associated invariant chain peptide. Holds MHCII in place and keeps binding site open for antigen to bind

Question 30

What does HLA-DO and HLA-DM do?

Answer 30

Removes the CLIP protein from the MHCII molecule and helps to add antigen into MHC molecule

Question 31

What is the normal CD4+:CD8+ ratio?

Answer 31

2:1

Question 32

What does MHC-I deficiency result it?

Answer 32

Low CD8+ cells presenting at ~3-4 years old. Problems with fighting viral infections

Question 33

What does MHC-II deficiency result it?

Answer 33

worse outcome than MHC-I cause Th1 cells are involved in B and T cell activation. Will have a low CD4+:CD8+ ratio

Question 34

What do Th2 cells secrete to differentiate and proliferate B cells?

Answer 34

IL-2, IL-4, IL-5

Question 35

What are the cellular interactions between Th2 and B cells in T-dependent B cell proliferation?

Answer 35

CD28--CD80/86, CD40L--CD40, TCR/CD4--MHCII

Question 36

When is C-kit found on T cells

Answer 36

Stem cell to DN2

Question 37

When is CD44 found on T cells?

Answer 37

DN1 --> DN2

Question 38

When is CD25 found on stem cells

Answer 38

DN2--> DN3

Question 39

When is CD3 found on stem cells?

Answer 39

DN3-->Mature T cells

Question 40

What are the cytokines that drive Th0 into Th1 and Th2, respectively?

Answer 40

IL-12 to Th1, IL-4 to Th2

Question 41

What are the polarizing signal of Treg cells?

Answer 41

IL-2, TGF-beta

Question 42

What are the polarizing signals of Th17?

Answer 42

IL-1, IL-6, IL-23, TGF-beta

Question 43

What is the polarizing signals of Th2 cells?

Answer 43

IL-4

Question 44

What is the polarizing signals of Tfh cells?

Answer 44

IL-6, IL-21

Question 45

What is the polarizing signals of Th1?

Answer 45

IL-12, IFN-gamma, IL-18

Question 46

What are the killing mechanisms of Tc and NK cells?

Answer 46

perforin and granzyme, Fas ligand, TNF-alpha release kills through caspase signaling

Question 47

What does the lectin-like receptors of NK cells do?

Answer 47

Looks to see if cells have abnormal HLA-E molecules

Question 48

What do KIR receptors of NK cells do?

Answer 48

Looks for abnormal MHC-I molecules

Question 49

Are most Lectin-like receptors activating or inhibiting?

Answer 49

activating

Question 50

Are most KIR receptors activating or inhibiting?

Answer 50

inhibitory

Question 51

What cells are able to do antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

Answer 51

NK cells, macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils

Question 52

What are the four types of Treg effector mechanisms they use to control T cell proliferation

Answer 52

1) CTLA-4 interacts with CD80/86 of DC to turn off DC 2) Treg secrete IL-10, Il-35 and TGF-beta to cause cell cycle arrest 3) Tregs contain CD25 5o soak up IL-2 in environment 4) Tregs can secrete granzymes to kill any T cells

Question 53

Generally describe IPEX?

Answer 53

Down-regulation of Foxp3 transcription factor leading to decreased Treg cells leading to autoimmunity

Question 54

What are treatments for IPEX?

Answer 54

IVIG treatment, bone marrow transplant

Question 55

Generally describe APECED

Answer 55

Problem with negative selection in thymus resulting in increased T cell proliferation that can be self-reactive.