Week 2- Energy Metabolism

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

All biochemical reactions in the body

Question 2

Catabolism

Answer 2

The breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the storage of energy; destructive metabolisms
pathway - breakdown molecules/ substrate

Question 3

Anabolism

Answer 3

the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism
pathway - build molecules

Question 4

Energy Metabolism

Answer 4

The process of generating energy (ATP) from nutrients

Question 5

Substrates

Answer 5

Compounds at the start of the pathway

Question 6

Intermediates

Answer 6

Compounds formed throughout the pathway

Question 7

Products

Answer 7

Compounds resulting from the pathway

Question 8

Metabolic Pathway

Answer 8

Biochemical reactions that occur in progression from substrate to product, usually involving enzymes and co-factors

Question 9

Aerobic metabolism of glucose

Answer 9

1.. Glycolysis (anaerobic step)Glucose is oxidized to pyruvate in 8 steps.
Requires vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B5 and magnesium

2. Pyruvate is metabolised to acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) by pyruvate dehydrogenase. Requires vitamins B1, B2,B3, B5 and magnesium. (CoA is made from vitamin B5)
3. Acetyl CoA enters citric acid cycle (CAC) producing NADH+ H+ , FADH2 and CO2 in 8 steps
4. Electron transport chain: ATP is derived from NADH + H+ and FADH2 as H+ travel down the concentration gradient from the inter- membrane space via ATP synthase. Requires copper and iron

Question 10

Anaerobic metabolism of glucose

Answer 10

• Occurs in cells with no mitochondria (RBC) or in any cells when there is no oxygen available
• Pyruvate is converted to lactate (rather than acetyl CoA in aerobic metabolism):

Pyruvate + NADH + H+ Lactate +NAD+ • NAD+ is then recycled to fuel glycolysis

Question 11

Acetyl CoA

Answer 11

• The central molecule
• The entry into citric acid cycle
• The basis for making new fat

Question 12

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 12

• forms ‘new’ glucose (from non-glucose sources) from glucogenic amino acids
• During short-term fasting periods, the liver produces and releases glucose mainly through glycogenolysis
• primary source of endogenous glucose production

Question 13

Niacin (V3) and Riboflavin (V2)

Answer 13

• act as electron transporters, after absorption
• have to be activated into NAD (niacin) and FAD (riboflavin)
• help transfer hydrogens from energy-yielding compounds to oxygen in metabolic pathways.

Question 14

Niacin

Answer 14

Functions as coenzyme: Nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD):
- Oxidized form
- Reduced form (NADH) also found in cells

Question 15

Riboflavin

Answer 15

Plays a similar role to Niacin:
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
- Oxidized form – FADH2
- Reduced form

Question 16

Esterification

Answer 16

Binding of fatty acids to glycerol

Question 17

Beta oxidation

Answer 17

Oxidation of fatty acids to acetyl CoA

Question 18

Glycogenolysis

Answer 18

Hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose

Question 19

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 19

Production of glucose from the amino acids carbon skeleton

Question 20

Glycogenesis

Answer 20

Production of glycogen from glucose

Question 21

Glycolysis

Answer 21

Oxidation of glucose to pyruvate

Question 22

Ketogenesis

Answer 22

Formation of ketone bodies

Question 23

Lipolysis

Answer 23

Hydrolysis of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 24

Protein Synthesis or Translation

Answer 24

Formation of gene products

Question 25

Metabolism

Answer 25

the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

Question 26

Energy Metabolism

Answer 26

the process of generating energy (ATP) from nutrients

Question 27

Anabolism

Answer 27

the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.

Question 28

Catabolism

Answer 28

the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism.

Question 29

Ketosis

Answer 29

a metabolic state characterized by raised levels of ketone bodies in the body tissues, which is typically pathological in conditions such as diabetes, or may be the consequence of a diet that is very low in carbohydrates.

Question 30

Ketoacidosis

Answer 30

a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when your body produces high levels of ketones. The condition develops when your body can't produce enough insulin