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NUTR2101-KP > Week 3- Alcohol & Water Balance > Flashcards

Week 3- Alcohol & Water Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Alcohol Absorption

A
  • Absorption is rapid, as it does not require digestion: in the stomach (~20%) and small intestine (80%) by simple diffusion
  • Cannot be stored has priority over all other energy sources in metabolism (is toxic for the body)
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2
Q

Alcohol energy value

A

7kcal or 29kJ per gram of alcohol

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3
Q

Standard drink

A

10g of alcohol in Australia

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4
Q

Alcohol by volume

A

number of millilitres (mL) of pure ethanol present in 100 mL

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5
Q

What is the rationale to qualify this quantity a standard alcoholic drink in Australia

A

Based on the assumption that the liver metabolises 10g of alcohol per hour (varies between 5-10g depending on body size and sex)

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6
Q

BAL/BAC

A

Blood alcohol level/content

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7
Q

What does a BAL of 0.07 mean in terms of alcohol concentration?

A

A BAL of 0.07 means that there is 0.07g of alcohol in 100mL of the person’s blood
The person will be
- Talkative, acts and feels self confident,
impaired judgement and movement, inhibition reduced

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8
Q

Alcohol Concentration effects by BAL/BAC

A

0.01-0.05 (0.01-0.05g/100mL): talkative, relaxed, more confident
0.05-0.08 (0.05-0.08g/100mL): Talkative, acts and feels self confident,impaired judgement and movement, inhibition reduced
0.08-0.15(0.08-0.15g/100mL): Speech slurred, impaired balance and coordination, reflexes slowed, visual attention impaired, unstable emotions, nausea and vomiting
0.15-0.30 (0.15-0.3g/100mL): Unable to walk without help, apathetic, sleepy, laboured breathing, unable to remember events, loss of bladder control, possible loss of consciousness
>0.3g /100mL: Coma, death

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9
Q

Australian Guidelines 1

A

Guideline 1: Reducing the risk of alcohol-related harm over a lifetime
- For healthy men and women, drinking no more than two standard drinks on any day reduces the lifetime risk of harm from alcohol-related disease or injury.

.

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10
Q

Australian Guidelines 2

A

Guideline 2: Reducing the risk of injury on a single occasion of drinking
- For healthy men and women, drinking no more than four standard drinks on a single occasion reduces the risk of alcohol-related injury arising from that occasion.

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11
Q

Australian Guidelines 3

A

Guideline 3: Children and young people under 18 years of age
For children and young people under 18 years of age, not drinking alcohol is the safest option.

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12
Q

Australian Guidelines 4

A

Guideline 4: Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Maternal alcohol consumption can harm the developing fetus or breastfeeding baby.
- For women who are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, not drinking is the safest option.
- For women who are breastfeeding, not drinking is the safest option

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13
Q

Binge drinking

A

Drinking with the intention of getting absolutely intoxicated in a short period of time

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14
Q

ICF

A

Intracellular fluid

- 2/3 of body water

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15
Q

ECF

A

Extracellular fluid

  • interstitial and intravascular (plasma)
  • increased in obesity
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16
Q

Body fluid also contains

A
  • solutes: electrolytes

- cations and anions

17
Q

Water distribution changes with growth and ageing

A
  • total water decreases
  • ICF increases
  • ECF decreases
18
Q

in adult …% of body weight

A

55%

19
Q

Lean bodies have more water as % body weight

A

obese individuals

20
Q

Water balance

A

– Sodium-potassium-ATPase pump (active transport)
• Used to move ions against their concentration gradient
- high concentration Na+ outside cell
- high concentration K inside cell
• Water follows Na+

21
Q

Electrolytes in ICF and ECF

A

screenshotted

22
Q

Electrolytes

A

elements that separate into ions in water make the water able to conduct electrical current. Include sodium, chloride, calcium and potassium etc. Electrolytes composition of plasma is similar to that of sea water. Concentration of Cl- parallels that of Na+.

23
Q

Functions

A
  1. Blood volume
  2. Precursor of bodyfluids
  3. Solvent tometabolic and biochemical processes
  4. Temperature regulation
  5. Waste products removal:
24
Q

Blood Volume

A

transport of nutrients and O2

25
Q

Precursor of body fluids

A

saliva, joint lubrication, bile…

26
Q

Temperature Regulation

A
  • High specific heat: rises slowly, resists temperature fluctuations
  • Sweat: 99% H2O. Heat energy from skin evaporates sweat
27
Q

Waste product removal

A

compounds are made water soluble (conjugated in enterocytes and hepatocytes) for clearance via urine

28
Q

needs

A

– Vary with body size, physical activity, environmental

conditions and dietary intake

29
Q

Kidneys are the …

A

main regulatory units for water balance, responding to biochemical signals

30
Q

Nephrons

A 
= functional unit
– Bowman’s capsule 
– Glomerulus and capillary network 
– Proximal convoluted tubule 
– Distal convoluted tubule 
– Collecting duct 
• Urine formation: glomerular filtrate, reabsorption of compounds into blood 
• 99.5% of Na is reabsorbed 
• Active reabsorption of Na+ results in passive 
reabsorption of Cl-, HCO3- and water
31
Q

Biochemistry in low bp - RAS

A
  • Renin is an enzyme secreted by the kidney when sodium or blood volume are decreased, leading to decreased blood pressure (BP)
  • Renin converts Angiotensinogen (produced by the liver) to Angiotensin I
  • Angiotensin I (inactive), converted to angiotensin II (active) by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
  • Angiotensin II causes restriction of small blood vessels resulting in increased BP
  • Angiotensin II also promotes release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
32
Q

Aldosterone Pathway

A
  • Aldosterone (secreted from adrenal cortex) stimulates Na+ reabsorption
  • Results in increased ECF osmolality
  • Promotes fluid retention because water follows Na+ • Increases BP by increasing the water volume
33
Q

ADH pathway

A
  • The output of urine is also controlled by the hypothalamus, which triggers the posterior pituitary gland to secrete anti-diuretic hormone (ADH, also known as vasopressin)
  • ADH is released when body water is low (perceived as low BP by baroreceptors)
  • ADH increases water permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct in the kidneys
  • ADH thus promotes water reabsorption / reducing urine output, resulting in raised blood volume and BP
34
Q

biochemistry in high BP

A
  • Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), released by atrial myocytes (heart) in response to raised blood pressure
  • ANF acts to reduce water and sodium concentration in the circulation by promoting sodium excretion, and thus water to return BP to normal by reducing the blood volume
35
Q

ADH

A
  • released in response to increased solutes concentration in the blood.

NUTR2101-KP (14 decks)

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