Week 2 Homework - Immunity Flashcards
Two proteins involved in innate immunity were discussed in lecture. Which one is signaled to be produced by a viral infected cell and stops that virus from infecting new cells?
a. Interferons.
b. Complement proteins.
Interferons
What immune cell is involved in adaptive immunity, forms memory cells, but does not directly attack infected or damaged cancerous cells, nor foreign cells. Instead, these cells are cell-to-cell communicators that facilitate the process, but in a more indirect fashion.
a. Naive cytotoxic T cells.
b. Phagocytes
c. Helper T cells.
d. Naive B cells.
e. Dendritic cells.
Helper T cells
What is apoptosis, and what innate immune defense can induce this action?
a. Apoptosis is inflammation, and all white blood cells can induce this process.
b. Apoptosis is programmed cell death, and NK cells can induce this process.
c. Apoptosis is programmed cell death, and all phagocytes can induce this process.
d. Apoptosis is antimicrobial protein synthesis, and NK cells can induce this process.
e. Apoptosis is increased protein synthesis, and all phagocytes can induce this process.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death, and all phagocytes can induce this process
What innate immune process leads to production of endogenous pyrogens?
a. Complement protein production.
b. Interferon production.
c. Gastric juice production.
d. Fever.
e. Inflammation.
Fever
What surface barrier specifically contains the enzyme lysozyme as part of its role in defending the body from pathogens?
a. Sweat.
b. Keratin.
c. Body oils.
d. Gastric juices.
e. Tears
Tears
Explain this. Some pathogens such as viruses cannot infect human cells (like plant viruses, or those that impact cats or dogs only), and some pathogens are not dangerous to a portion of the human population in one region, but foreigners visiting that area could become very sick.
a. All listed elements are the explanation for this phenomenon.
b. The ability for the correct lymphocytes to attack specific antigens requires genetic information for the specific receptors and production of correct antibodies.
c. For a virus to infect human cells our cells must have a genetic code to build the receptor on the cell that allows them to enter the cell. Meaning, we let them in.
All listed elements true
During lymphocyte maturation the cells achieve immunocompetence. In non-technical terms what does this mean?
a. B and T cells that attach to our self-antigenic markers are destroyed.
b. B and T cells move out of the bone marrow and thymus and take up residence in the lymph nodes, spleen and lymphoid organs.
c. Each B or T cell learns to fight each potential antigen humans could encounter
B and T cells that attach to our self-antigenic markers are destroyed
Although edema (buildup of fluid in tissues) clearly can have negative impacts, identify the benefits of this physiological process.
a. Activation of proteins required for blood clotting.
b. Distribution of resources improves with more fluid in the environment.
c. Similar to the notion that the solution to pollution is dilution, our body dilutes toxins released from damaged tissues or invading pathogens with edema.
d. Immobility at the site of injury stabilizes the damaged area during recovery and healing.
e. All listed options are benefits of increased tissue fluid (edema).
All listed options are benefits of increased tissue fluid (edema)
- Peyer’s patches are a type of mucous associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) associated with what structures?
a. All listed options are correct.
b. Spleen.
c. Tonsils.
d. Lymph nodes and tonsils.
e. Appendix and intestines.
Appendix and intestines
Regarding the lymphatic system, edema in the legs could be caused by blockage of this lymphatic drainage route.
a. Thoracic duct.
b. Right lymphatic duct.
c. Subclavian veins.
d. Tonsils.
e. Spleen.
Thoracic duct
Identify the form of innate defense that is NOT an internal defense.
a. Mucous membranes.
b. NK cells.
c. Inflammation.
d. Fever.
e. Antimicrobial proteins.
Mucous membranes (technically lead to the outside not considered internal)
Where do lymphocytes (T and B cells) mature in the body?
a. Bone marrow.
b. Bone marrow or thymus depending upon if it is a T or B cell.
c. Thymus.
Bone marrow or thymus depending upon if it is a T or B cell
Is the process of fever an example of positive or negative feedback?
Negative
In an active immunization shot, what substance is in the shot that leads to protection for the recipient?
a. Antibodies.
b. Antigens.
Antigens
Identify the component of the immune system that is NOT a part of the innate defense system.
a. T cells.
b. Phagocytes.
c. Skin.
d. Fever.
e. Inflammation.
T cells
What are the benefits of getting a booster shot for immune protection?
a. Antibodies produced will bind with greater affinity to the antigen.
b. All listed options are benefits of booster shots.
c. Sensitized memory cells respond within hours to begin mounting further protection.
d. Antibody concentration peaks at a much higher level.
e. Antibody concentrations will remain higher for longer (weeks or months).
All listed options are benefits of booster shots
As part of the inflammatory process more blood is rushed to the site of injury. Which cardinal sign(s) are associated with this process?
a. Pain and healing.
b. Redness and pain.
c. Swelling and pain.
d. Heat and swelling.
e. Redness and heat.
Redness and heat
Identify the way(s) that antibodies aid the immune process.
a. They prevent pathogen entry into cells OR alter toxins so they cannot harm the target cell or tissue.
b. They stimulate phagocytosis of the antigen.
c. All listed options are correct.
d. They enhance inflammation.
e. They activate complement proteins.
all listed options are correct
Inflammation has many chemicals that modulate this multi-step process. Identify the chemical associated with inducing pain sensation and facilitating chemotaxis.
a. Histamines.
b. Prostaglandins.
c. Lymphokines.
d. Kinins.
e. Complement proteins.
Prostaglandins
In a passive immunization shot, what substance is in the shot that leads to protection for the recipient?
Antibodies (passive because body doesn’t have to do work)
Identify the cell type specifically associated with the branch of immunity known as humoral.
a. T cells.
b. NK cells.
c. Phagocytes.
d. Antimicrobial proteins.
e. B cells.
B cells
What cell in the adaptive immune response is itself innate but assists the adaptive process by engulfing foreign antigens and then placing the antigenic markers on its surface to activate the correct lymphocytes to respond.
a. Naive cytotoxic T cell.
b. Dendritic cell.
c. Naive helper B cell.
d. Effector helper T cell.
e. Naive helper T cell.
Dendritic cell
Which cell produces antibodies because of the humoral (antibody-mediated) adaptive immune response?
a. Memory T cell.
b. Effector B cell.
c. Cytotoxic T cell.
d. Naive B cell.
e. Effector T cell.
Effector B cells
During a primary response to a pathogen what is a normal lag time before the immune system can begin mounting an immune response?
a. 2-3 days.
b. 3-6 days.
c. 1-2 days.
d. 2 weeks.
3-6 days
