Week 2- Immune System Flashcards

Question

What is acquired immunity

Answer 1

Produced by prior exposure or antibody production

Answer 2

Bacteria with antigen on surface releases endotoxins Endotoxins act on mast cell nucleus to release inflammatory cytokines Stimulating P-selectin on endothelial cells to initiate extravasation Transmigration, margination, adhesion, diapedeasis and positive chemotaxis occurs The inflammatory cytokines act on endothelial cells causing them to contract and increase permeability (swelling) Smooth muscle cells are acted on and they relax leading to vasodilation and heat and redness Neutrophils undergo exocytosis of free antigens. Apoptosis Macrophages undergo phagocytosis forming a phagolysosome MCH2 recombination and attach to specific antigen and present on cell membrane Macrophage turns into antigen presenting cell Complimentary pathway is activated Classical Alternative Lectin Allowing chemoattract more neutrophils and macrophages to the area Opsonisation(pathogens are marked for destruction) Cell lysis Inflammation enhances by activation of mast cells Interferential Alpha, beta, gamma stimulate neighbouring cells / macrophage toi increase in size and number

Answer 3

Viral or cancer infected cell exposes viral protein on self antigen Cytoxic t clell bind to viral protein on viral cell with a CD8 receptor Cytoxic T cell releases performing Granzymes we hitch move through pores and activate pro-apoptosis genes

Answer 4

Viral or cancer infected cell exposes viral protein on self antigen Cytoxic t clell bind to viral protein on viral cell with a CD8 receptor Cytoxic T cell releases performing Granzymes we hitch move through pores and activate pro-apoptosis genes

Answer 5

Classical 2. Alternative 3. Lectin

Answer 6

Interferential alpha, beta, game

Answer 7

Free antigen binds to b lymph MCH2 and b cell receptor form an antigen presenting cell Macrophage binds to t-h cell via CD4 protein and tcell receptor Differentiation of th cell into Th1 Th2 (IL 2,4,5) IL 4 + 5 send chemical messages to b lymph to stimulate cell proliferation = clinal expansion B cell differentiation into memory b cells for long term protection Plasma cells which secrete antibodies which cause neutralisation or opsonisation

Answer 8

Where pathogens are marked for destruction by immune cells via tagging

Answer 9

Cell adhesion molecule found on the surface of endothelial cells. When there is inflammation or damage, it appears on the blood vessel wall, helping wbc stick and roll along the surface of the vessel. This allows slowing of the cells so they can exit the bloodstream and reach the affected tissue.

Answer 10

Plasma leaks out of the blood via intracellular clefts which causes swelling in this space pressure of excess fluid stimulates nociceptors causing pain Bradykinins activate nociceptors causing pain

Answer 11

Histamines, leukotrienes, prostoglandins, bradykinins bind to smooth muscle causing them to vasodilate leading to hyperaemia (redness and heat)> speeding up metabolism to attract more wbc to area

Answer 12

WBC When allergens enter body, mast cells release histamines and other chemicals from their granules, Degranulation occurs. This helps to increase blood flow to affected area Attract other immune cells to the site Promote healing

Answer 13

Promote mucus production Blood vessel leafiness Narrowing of airways Can worse’s respiratory inflammation and asthma

Answer 14

To attract macrophages to gram negative bacteria

Answer 15

Interlukin 1 and 8 Tumour necrotic factor alpha

Answer 16

Recruit inflammotary cells to site Attract and activate neutrophils buy activating protein by endo9thelial cell which facilitates diapedesis

Answer 17

Immune cell t/b cell recognsises a specific antigen and undergoes rapid division producing many identical copies.

Answer 18

C= targets and destroys infected/ abnormal cells. H= targets pathogens in body fluid C= key cels are t-cells ct cells, ht cells H= b cells, plasma cells C= targets intracellular pathogens H=targets extracellular pathogens C=mechanism is cytoxic T cells destroy infected cells H= b cels produce antibodies that neutralise or mark pathogens

Answer 19

Proteins and immune cells in our body have a specific shape which is complimentary to other pathogens. When they bind, it formes a complimentary complex. It ensures that the correct cell is destructed, complimatry memory cells to be made to ensure upon re infection it will be able to fight it off faster, pathogen destruction and promote inflammation. Without this, any cells could bind to one another ands the correct immune response would jot be undergone. It bridges the innate and adaptive immune response increasing the effectiveness of immune response

Answer 20

Innate is non-specific and targets all pathogens whereas adaptive is highly specific Innate immunity response is immediate within minutes to hours. Adaptive is delayed and days to weeks Innate there is no memory as same response is repeated to exposure whereas adaptive has memory so is faster, stronger response Duration of innate is short term defence, adaptive is long lasting Key cells innate is phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils), natural killer. Adaptive is B-cells, t-cells

Answer 21

Macrophages engulf and digest pathogens and are antigen presenting allowing T cells to be activated in adaptive immune repsonse TH cells- release cytokines that activate other immune cells like B cells to produc antibodies and CT cells to kill infected cells B cells for humoral immune response. Differentiate to plasma when activates which produce antibodies to neutralise pathogen or marking them for destruction by other immune cells

Answer 22

Macrophage-phagocyte Dendritic cells- activate T cells B-cells-present to ht cells

Answer 23

Th cells release cytokines IL-2,4,6 which activate other immune cells like macrophages, b cells and cytoxic T cells Cytoxic T cells kill infected or abnormal cells by releasing perferin and granzymes which leads to cell death and pro-inflammatory signals that attract other immune cells to the site of infection or injury. T-cells suppress excess inflammation. They release anti-inflammatory cytokines to prevent tissue damage

Answer 24

Margination. Neutrophil loosely binds to endothelial cells lining blood vessel. Mediated by p-selectin Rolling, weak interactions between selectins allow it to roll along the serfuce to slow them down Adhesion neutrophil adhere to wall facilitated by inter grins Transmigration. Neutrophil squeeze between endothelial cells into surrounding tissue Diapedesis- follow chemical signals via positive chemotaxis to site of infalammation

Answer 25

B cell receptors bind to angiotensin receptors However they require activation Helper T cells with CD4 receptors provide activation signals by releaseing cytokines after interacting with this antigen. It involves MHC2 molecules to bind antigen to b cell Activated B cells undergo rapid division to produce clones of themselves Plasma cells (antibodies) Memory B cells Plasma release antibodies into blood stream and lymph fluid. They can neutralise, opsonise, agglutinate these antigens as well as activate the compliment system. Vaccines stimulate humeral response Leading to productive of memory b cells and antibodies Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction and immunodeficiencuieds can affect the humeral response

Answer 26

Defends against intracellular pathogens like virus and bacteria and cancer cells Macropgeas and dendritic cells ingest pathogens and present their receptors. Naive T cells are activated upon binding it antigfen complex They mature, Activated T cells proliferate and differentiate into effector T cells and memory T cells Cytoxic T cells kill infected cells performing and granny ears Helper T cells secrete cytokines interlukin 2,4,5,6 to activate B cells for humeral repose Recruit other immune cells Most effector T cells undergo apoptosis

Answer 27

Second line of defence Highly specific Long lasting, memory Specific Delayed response Components: Humoral immunity Defends against extracellular pathogens (e.g., bacteria, toxins, viruses in the bloodstream). Mediated by B cells and antibodies. 2. Cell-Mediated Immunity Defends against intracellular pathogens (e.g., viruses inside cells) and abnormal cells (e.g., cancer cells). Mediated by T cells. Main molecules: Lymphocytes: B cells: Responsible for antibody production in humoral immunity. T cells: Responsible for cellular responses in cell-mediated immunity. Helper T cells (CD4+): Coordinate immune responses by releasing cytokines. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+): Kill infected or abnormal cells directly. Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs): Includes dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.

Answer 28

I= Immediate. Min-hours A= delayed. Days-weeks I=non-spec A=highly spec I= no memory. Same response A=has memory. Stronger and faster upon re exposure I=limited diversity. A=highly diverse can recognise millions of antigens I=short-lived. Active whilst pathogen is present A=long lasting. Sustained immunity through memory cells I=Majorly cells= phagocytes like macrophages, neutrophils, NK, Dendritic cells A= lymphocytes, b cells and T cells I= effector molecule is compliment proteins, cytokines and interferons, A=antibodies produced by B cells Cytokines, interlukin from T cell I=effective against extracellular pathogens A=effective against extracellular and intracellular pathogens I= Limited mechanisms for self-recognition A=highly developed mechanisms to distinguish self from non-self I= First line of defense: Prevents pathogens from spreading A=Second line of defense: Clears infection and builds long term immunity

Answer 29

The tissue which normally lines the airways is cilia which performs a cilia escalator to remove pathogens and bacteria using mucus. Smoke can damage the cilia, altering the tissue structure, undergoing metaplasia. Metaplasia is reversible reaction forming more resilient cells which can withstand mechanical stress and chemical irritation. These cells are less functional and affect the ciliary escalator These cells are called tratified squamous epithelium. Leading to build up of mucus and inflammation. Goblet cells often become hyperplastic (increase in number) as well, further increasing mucus production in response to irritation.

Answer 30

Macrophages: Engulf and digest pathogens and debris. Neutrophils: Rapidly recruited to infection sites; phagocytose and kill pathogens. Dendritic Cells: Capture pathogens and present antigens to adaptive immune cells (link between innate and adaptive immunity). Macrophages: Engulf and digest pathogens and debris. Neutrophils: Rapidly recruited to infection sites; phagocytose and kill pathogens. Dendritic Cells: Capture pathogens and present antigens to adaptive immune cells (link between innate and adaptive immunity).

Week 2- Immune System Flashcards

(55 cards)