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DPT 702: Biomechanics > Week 2 Lecture: Test 1 > Flashcards

Week 2 Lecture: Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are synarthroses

A

joints with little to no motion

type of periarticular tissue

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2
Q

what are the types of synarthroses

A

fibrous; dense connective tissues i.e. skull or distal tip/fib joint

cartilaginous; stabilized by fibrocartilage/hyaline cartilage, often midline of body i.e. symphisis pubis or manubriosternal joint

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3
Q

what are diarthroses

A

“synovial joints” that allow moderate to extensive movement

majority of joints

cavity lined with synovial fluid

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4
Q

give an example of a gomphosis joint

A

root of tooth in socket

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5
Q

name the 7 elements associated with the synovial or diarthrodial joints

A

Articular cartilage (covering articular surface of bone)
Blood vessels (penetrate joint capsule)
Ligaments
Synovial membrane
Sensory nerves (receptors for pain/proprioception)
Capsular ligaments
Joint capsule (dense external layer and internal synovial membrane)

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6
Q

what is synovial fluid

A

clear/yellow
slightly viscous
hyaluronan/other lubricating glycoproteins

function = coat articular surface, reduce friction, and provide nourishment

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7
Q

describe the difference between intra and extra capsular ligaments

A

capsular = thickening of capsule or deeper part of ligament; broad sheets that resist mvmt in 2-3 planes

extra = cordlike; partially/completely separated from capsule

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8
Q

what are the elements that are SOMETIMES associated with synovial joints

A

intra articular discs/menisci

peripheral labrum

fat pads

bursa

synovial plicae

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9
Q

describe a hinge joint

A

movement at right angle to “pin” or axis; rotation and sliding

i.e. humeroulnar joint or interphalangeal

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10
Q

describe a pivot joint

A

cylindrical pin surrounded by larger cylinder

mobile member oriented parallel to AOR

produces spin (like a door knob)

i.e. humeroradial joint or atlanto-axial joint

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11
Q

describe an ellipsoid joint

A

convex elongated surface and similarly elongated concave surface

elliptic surface restricts spin

biplane motions: flexion/extension and abd/add

i.e. radoiocarpal joint

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12
Q

describe a ball and socket joint

A

spherical convex compared with cupcake socket

3 plans of motion; spin CAN occur (unlike ellipsoid)

i.e. glenohumeral joint and coxofemoral joint

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13
Q

describe a plane joint

A

pairing of 2 flat or slightly curved surfaces

slide/rotation; lack a definitive axis of rotation

tension in muscles and ligaments cause or restrict the motion

i.e. carpometacarpal joints 2-5 and some inter carpal/inter tarsal joints as well

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14
Q

describe saddle joints

A

2 surfaces (1 concave and one convex) oriented at right angles (reciprocally curved)

i.e. carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

2 planes of ample motion, limited spin

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15
Q

describe condyloid joints

A

similar to ball and socket except the concave portion is shallow

i.e metacarpophalangeal, tibiofemoral, and Atlanto-occipital

2 degrees of freedom

ligaments and the bony shape is what restricts the 3rd degree of motion, but this depends on the joint (i.e. knee still has some abd/add)

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16
Q

what is the evolute

A

the path of serial locations for the instantaneous axis of rotation

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17
Q

when is the path of an evolute more complex

A

when opposing joint surfaces are less congruent or there are greater differences on their radii of curvature

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18
Q

what are the 4 primary types of tissue found in the body

A

connective

muscle

nerve

epithelium

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19
Q

describe the 3 types of fascia

A

superficial= adipose tissue/loose connective tissue immediately deep to skin

deep fascia = dense connective tissue; forms strong internal framework

subserous fascia = loose connective tissue; between deep fascia and serious membrane

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20
Q

what does endomysium do

A

form continuous 3D matrix

links adjacent fibers

coordinates force transmission

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21
Q

what are the fundamental materials that comprise all connective tissues in the body

A

fibrous proteins (collagen and elastin)

ground substances (glycominoglycans, water, and solutes)

cells (fibroblasts and chondrocytes)

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22
Q

describe collagen

A

high tensile strength
poor stretch
most abundant protein in body
comprises 70-90% of dry weight of tendons and ligaments

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23
Q

what are the 2 main types of collagen

A

type I thick fibers; little elongation; stiff and string (i.e. tendons, ligaments, fibrous capsules, and fascia)

type II; thinner and less tensile strength; provide general shape for structures (i.e. hyaline cartilage)

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24
Q

what is collagen synthesized by

A

white fibroblasts

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25
how many types of collagen have been identified
28; Type I is most common
26
what gives the fibrils in the body strength
cross links between collagen molecules and fibril levels
27
describe the cross links in newly formed collagen
relatively few and are reducible as collagen ages total number of reducible cross links decreases to a minimum number and a large number of stable non-reducible cross links are formed
28
why does it take a great deal of energy to separate collagen molecules
their alignment is staggered and they are oppositely charged
29
how do fibroblasts align
in rows between bundles along axis of a ligament or tendon
30
what is the function of elastin in the body? where can it be found?
affords tissue recoil/extensibility (up to 130% initial length), however resilience changes when temperature drops in skin, tendons, lungs, lining go arteries, and some ligaments
31
structures with high elastin can do what
readily return to original shape
32
where is fibronectin (type of fiber) found
plasma
33
what does reticulin (fiber type) do?
forms a flexible yet durable meshwork (viscera)
34
where can laminin be found
connects to the basement membrane
35
where is the fiber type chondronectin found
cartilage
36
what are the 2 basics elements of connective tissue
cells and extra cellular matrix made of fibrous components and ground substance the glue that holds us together
37
what types of cells are found in connective tissue? (x11)
fibroblasts macrophages monocytes fibrocyte adipocyte melanocyte lymphocytes mast cells plasma cells R and W blood cells microphages
38
what determines the composition/ role of the matrix
the stress that impacts the cell
39
what are the functions of the matrix
large water quantity enables diffusion of nutrients and waste products as well as friction free movement of fibers
40
what gives ground substance/the matrix physical resilience
glycominoglycans (GAGs)
41
describe the structures of a proteoglycan
large sugar protein complex with water binding properties made up of glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) and core proteins linked to hyaluronan molecule via linker protein to form large proteoglycan complex
42
where can you find fibroblasts
;ligaments, tendons, and other supportive tissues
43
where can you find chondrocytes
hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage
44
what conducts "maintenance and remodeling" in the cells
synthesizing ground substance and fibrous proteins
45
describe the key components of dense connective tissue
in external layer of capsule, ligaments, and tendons (most non muscular soft tissue around joint few cells (fibroblasts) abundance of tightly packed type I collagen moderate to low proteoglycans/elastin limited blood supply/low metabolism
46
how do you differentiate between irregular and regular dense connective tissue
based on the spatial orientation of collagen fibers i.e. fibrous later of a joint capsule is irregular; ligaments and tendons are regular
47
what are sharpey's fibers
collagen fibers extending deep into the bone material
48
what is articular cartilage
special type of hyaline cartilage creates load bearing surfaces that disperse forces and reduce friction classified as avascular, but recent research shows it may contain some nerve endings no perichondrium
49
how are chondrocytes spread throughout articular cartilage
spread throughout flattened near articular surface, parallel to collagen to resist abrasion perpendicular to collagen near bone to act as an anchor
50
what is the tidemark
diffusion barrier in periarticular tissue
51
how do nutrients and gases travel in periarticular tissue
nutrients and gases must pass from synovial fluid to all chondrocytes
52
what is perichondrium
covers the surface of hyaline and elastic cartilage (but not fibrocartilage) dense connective tissue composed of fibroblasts and type I collagen fibers contains blood vessels
53
why is there no perichondrium in articular cartilage
allows opposing surfaces to form load bearing surfaces
54
examples of fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs labrum pubic symphysis TMJ disc knee menisci
55
describe fibrocartilage
mix of dense connective tissue + articular cartilage has resilience and shock absorption of articular cartilage and tensile strength go ligaments/tendons some blood supply to outer rims support/stabilize/guide motion and dissipate forces
56
what is a structural sub unit of a bone called
osteon or Haversian canal
57
what type of bone acts like a series of struts to redirect forces along the bone
cancellous bone
58
where is bone laid down/absorbed
laid down in areas of high stress and reabsorbed in areas of low stress thus the importance of weight bearing exercises for bone health
59
what causes bone spurs
aka osteophytes may form from increases spinal stresses (distal or instability)
60
what are the effects of immobilization on the body
changes in structure/functuon of connective tissue (lost mall, volume, and strength) reduced mechanical strength happens within days, but recovery is slow and often incomplete
61
what are some of the general accompaniments in the joints that come with age
slowed rate of fibrous proteins and proteoglycan replacement slow repair rates in periarticular tissue and bone loss of ability to restrain and disperse forces (micro traumas)

DPT 702: Biomechanics (13 decks)

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