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medical pathophysiology > Week 2 - Neuronatomy > Flashcards

Week 2 - Neuronatomy Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are Efferent nerves?

A

Nerves that travel FROM CNS

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2
Q

What are Afferent nerves?

A

Nerves that travel TO CNS

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3
Q

What cells are part of the nervous system?

A

Nerve cells such as neurons which are electrical

Supporting cells such as glia

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4
Q

What is the spinal cord divided into?

A

Dorsal - afferent nerves such as sensory roots

Ventral - efferent nerves such as motor roots

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5
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs are there?

A

31 pairs

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6
Q

How many cranial nerve pairs are there (in the brain)?

A

12 pairs

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7
Q

What is the brainstem?

A

Connects brain and spinal cord

Responsible for automatic survival functions such as breathing, heart rate etc

The brain stem is made up of 3 parts

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8
Q

What 3 parts make up the brain stem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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9
Q

What does the midbrain do?
(Part of brain stem)

A

Associated with vision, hearing, sleep, wakefulness, temperature regulation and motor control

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10
Q

What does the pons do?
(Part of the brain stem)

A

Helps to regulate breathing

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11
Q

What does the medulla do?
(Part of the brain stem)

A

Controls heart rate, breathing, blood pressure and vomiting

Receives sensory input and gives out motor output to some of the cranial nerves

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12
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Has widespread connections throughout the brain

Maintains consciousness and alertness
Functions in sleep and waking up from sleep

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13
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Above the brainstem
Directs messages to sensory receiving areas
Transmits replies to cerebellum and medulla

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14
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Controls voluntary movement and balance

Contributes to cognitive, emotional, sensory , motor and speech processing

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15
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

It deals with basic drive, emotion and memory

Made up of areas such as the hypothalamus, hippocampus etc

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16
Q

What is the hypothalamus?
(Part of the limbic system)

A

Lies just below the thalamus
Helps control the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
Directs activities such as body temp, eating/drinking etc

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17
Q

What is BSR - Brain Stimulation Reward?
(Part of the limbic system)

A
18
Q

What is the amygdala?
(part of the limbic system)

A

The amygdala consists of 2 almond shaped clusters

Linked to fear, anxiety, aggression

Fight or flight response begins in the amygdala

19
Q

2 examples of how scientists shown the amygdala was linked to fear, aggression etc?

A

Charles Whitman, who committed a mass shooting, was found to have a tumour in his amygdala, showing that as his amygdala was larger due to the tumour, he shown more aggression

Patient SM - she had bilateral damage to her amygdala, so found it hard to show fear

20
Q

What is the hippocampus?
(Part of the limbic system)

A

Located in each temporal lobe

Involved in formation and retention of memories - so if you had bilateral damage to the hippocampus’ it can lead to amnesia

Also involved in learning/emotion

21
Q

Give 2 example of how scientists found out the hippocampus was responsible for memories?

A

Patient HM - had his hippocampus removed due to seizures, but afterwards he developed amnesia

Clive Wearing - he had a brain infection that damaged his hippocampus, so developed amnesia

22
Q

What is the cerebral cortex and what parts does it consist of?

A

It is the ultimate control and information processing centre

It consists of the:
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

23
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?
(part of the cerebral cortex)

A

Also known as the motor cortex
Involved in speaking, muscle movement, making plans/judgement

24
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?
(part of the cerebral cortex)

A

Also known as the sensory cortex
Involved in:
sensing
spatial mapping
visuospatial processing

25
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?
(part of cerebral cortex)

A

Also known as the visual cortex
Involved in processing vision

26
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?
(part of the cerebral cortex)

A

Also known as the auditory cortex
Involved in:
hearing
understanding language
memory
facial recognition

27
Q

What are the 2 speech areas?

A

Broca’s area
Wernicke’s area

28
Q

What is the Broca’s area?

A

In the left frontal lobe
Involved in speech production

29
Q

What is the Wernicke’s area?

A

In the left temporal lobe
Involved in language comprehension

30
Q

What is an aphasia?

A

An impairment in language or speech

31
Q

What are the 4 types of aphasias?

A

Broca’s aphasia - impaired speaking

Wernicke’s area - impaired language comprehension

Global aphasia - when you have damage to Broca’s and Wernicke’s area

Anomic aphasia - word retrieval failure

32
Q

What are the 3 techniques to examine brain function?

A

fMRI - functional MRI
Examine brain damage patients
Remove part of the brain due to reasons such as tumours/epilepsy and see the effect it has on behaviour

33
Q

What is the corpus collosum?

A

large bundle of neural fibres that connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain

34
Q

What does contralateral division mean?

A

The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body/visual field

The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body/visual field

35
Q

What are split brain patients?

A

These patients have had their corpus collosum severed, so the 2 brain hemispheres are not joined together

36
Q

What issues do split brain patients have?

A

They have trouble naming objects in their left visual field

37
Q

What is fMRI?

A

Detects blood oxygen levels in the brain in response to neural activity

38
Q

What is sensation?

A

This sis where the CNS receives input from the environment

39
Q

What is perception?

A

This is how the brain interprets sensory information

40
Q

What is the retina?

A

At the back of the eye
Consists of rods for brightness and cones for colour

41
Q

Other than the 5 senses what other senses are there?

A

Vestibular - balance and motion

Proprioception - identifying the relative position of your body parts

Thermoreceptors - detecting temperature throughout the body

Nociceptors - detecting pain throughout the body

medical pathophysiology (11 decks)

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