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BACT211 (LECTURE) > WEEK 2 (part I): BACTERIAL CELL STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION, AND MORPHOLOGY > Flashcards

WEEK 2 (part I): BACTERIAL CELL STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION, AND MORPHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

▪ Unicellular organisms
▪ Lack a nuclear membrane and nucleus
▪ Classified as prokaryotes

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

▪ Eukaryotic
▪ Exist as unicellular or multicellular
▪ Categorized by their locomotive structures

A

Parasites

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3
Q

▪ Eukaryotic
▪ Exist as unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (mycelial forms)

A

Fungi

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4
Q

▪ DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat
▪ Acellular
▪ Obligate intracellular parasites

A

Viruses

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5
Q

Is the academic discipline of defining groups of organisms on the basis of shared common characteristics and giving names to those groups.

A

Taxonomy

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6
Q

three interrelated categories of Taxonomy

A

Classification, Nomenclature and Identification

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7
Q

Method to categorize organisms into groups such as genus or specie.

A

Classification

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8
Q

➢ Genetic makeup of the organism
➢ E.g. base sequencing of DNA or RNA

A

Genotype

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9
Q

➢ Readily observable physical and functional
features expressed by the organisms genotype
➢ E.g. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics

A

Phenotype

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10
Q

Binomial system. Every organism is assigned a genus and a species name.

A

Nomenclature

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11
Q

It is always written with the capital
letter while species designation is never
capitalized. Both are printed in italics or
underlined when written in script.

A

Genus

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12
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoea

A

Gonococcus

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13
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Pneumococcus

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14
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Tubercle bacilli

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15
Q

Salmonella typhosa

A

Typhoid bacilli

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16
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

Friedlander’s bacillus

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17
Q

▪ The process by which the microorganisms key features are delineated so that it can be assigned a genus and a species name.

➢ Genotyping
➢ Phenotyping

A

Identification

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18
Q

nucleus: membrane bound
chromosomal DNA: in the nucleus
organelles: present
cell wall: polysaccharides
pili and fimbriae: absent

A

Eukaryote

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19
Q

nucleus: no nuclear membrane
chromosomal DNA: in the nucleoid
organelles: absent
cell wall: peptidoglycan
pili and fimbriae: present

A

Prokaryote

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20
Q

single circular chromosome attached to a
mesosome

A

nuclear Area (nucleoid)

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21
Q

➢ small circular, dsDNA molecule
➢ antibiotic resistance

A

plasmid

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22
Q

➢ site of protein synthesis
➢ consists of RNA and protein

A

ribosomes

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23
Q

represents reserves of polyphosphates used in the
synthesis of ATP.

A

metachromatic granules

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24
Q

consist of glycogen and starch granules

A

polysaccharide granules

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25
Q

highly refractile resting cells that are highly
durable and dehydrated with thick walls

A

Spores/Endospores

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26
Q

A phospholipid bilayer with embedded
proteins that envelop the cytoplasm

A

Plasma Membrane (Cell membrane)

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27
Q

➢ Maintains the shape of the cell and protects cell from osmotic pressure
➢ Repeating disaccharide attached by polypeptides.

A

Cell Wall (Peptidoglycan or murein layer)

28
Q

➢ Between cell membrane and cell wall.
➢ Consist of gel like matrix containing nutrient binding nutrients
➢ Contains enzymes for degrading and
detoxifying macromolecules

A

Periplasm Space

29
Q

➢ Cells initial barrier (certain antibiotics and
evasion of phagocytes)
➢ Composed of Lipopolysaccharides (LPS),
lipoproteins and phospholipids.
➢ Contains Porins

A

Outer Membrane

30
Q

Water-filled structures that control
the passage of nutrients and solutes

A

Porins

31
Q

I. Lipid A (endotoxin)
II. Core polysaccharide
III. O-specific polysaccharide

A

components of LPS (Lipopolysaccharides)

32
Q

gram (+) contain waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids (mycolic acid). e.g. Mycobacterium and Nocardia

A

Acid-Fast Cell Wall

33
Q

peptidoglycan layer: thick (multilayered)
teichoic acids: present in many
periplasmic space: absent
outer membrane: absent
LPS content: lipid and lipoprotein: virtually none
lipid & lipoprotein: low

A

gram positive

34
Q

peptidoglycan layer: thin (single layered)
teichoic acids: absent
periplasmic space: present
outer membrane: present
LPS content: lipid and lipoprotein: high
lipid & lipoprotein: high (due to outer membrane)

A

gram negative

35
Q

➢ Prevents phagocytosis
➢ Attachment to various surfaces in its natural environment

➢ B. anthracis
➢ S. pneumoniae
➢ K. pneumoniae

➢ General substances that surround cells
➢ Gelatinous polymer of polysaccharide,
polypeptide, or both.

A

Glycocalyx (Slime Layer and Capsule)

36
Q

substance is organized and firmly attached to cell wall.

A

Capsule

37
Q

unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall.

A

Slime Layer

38
Q

➢ Exterior protein filaments that rotate and
cause bacteria to be motile

A

Flagella

39
Q

without flagella

A

Athrichous

40
Q

a single polar flagellum

A

Monotrichous

41
Q

two or more flagella at one pole of the cell.

A

Lophotrichous

42
Q

single/tuft of flagella at each end of the cell.

A

Amphitrichous

43
Q

flagella distributed over the entire cell.

A

Peritrichous

44
Q

Hairlike appendages that are shorter, straighter
and thinner than flagella

A

Fimbriae and Pili

45
Q

also called common pili, can occur at the poles or can be evenly distributed from few to several
hundred.

A

Fimbriae (sing. fimbria)

46
Q

FUNCTION: for adherence of cells to one another
and to environmental surfaces

A

Fimbriae

47
Q

also called sex (conjugation) pili, are hollow protein tubes , longer than fimbria and number is 1 or 2 per cell.

A

Pili (pilus)

48
Q

FUNCTION: join bacterial cell in preparation of DNA transfer from one cell to another.

A

Pili (pilus)

49
Q

➢ Bundles of fibrils anchored at one end of
spirochete and spiral around the cell.
➢ The rotation of filaments propels the
spirochete in a spiral motion.

A

Axial Filaments (endoflagella)

50
Q

occurs in pairs

  • Cocci (Spherical or Ellipsoidal)
A

Diplococci

51
Q

cells arranged on chains

  • Cocci (Spherical or Ellipsoidal)
A

Streptococci

52
Q

irregular clusters “bunch of grapes”

  • Cocci (Spherical or Ellipsoidal)
A

Staphylococci

53
Q

four cells arranged in same plane

  • Cocci (Spherical or Ellipsoidal)
A

Tetrads

54
Q

cuboidal arrangement of 8 or more cells

  • Cocci (Spherical or Ellipsoidal)
A

Sarcinae

55
Q

occurs in pairs

  • Bacilli (Cylindrical or Rod Shape)
A

Diplobacilli

56
Q

occurs in chains

  • Bacilli (Cylindrical or Rod Shape)
A

Streptobacilli

57
Q

tendency to group side by side

  • Bacilli (Cylindrical or Rod Shape)
A

Palisade

58
Q

slightly longer than they are wide.

  • Bacilli (Cylindrical or Rod Shape)
A

Coccobacilli

59
Q

Cylindrical or Rod shape

A

Bacilli

60
Q

Spherical or Ellipsoidal

A

Cocci

61
Q

Spiral Shaped

A

Spirochetes

62
Q

comma shaped

A

Vibrio

63
Q

Loosely coiled

A

Spirillum

64
Q

Tightly coiled

A

Treponema

65
Q

Stain bacteria that have high lipid and wax content in their cell walls

A

Acid-Fast Stains

66
Q

Binds to the nucleic acid of the cell and fluorescence as a bright orange under UV
light

A

Acridine Orange

67
Q

For observation of metachromatic granules of C. diphtheriae.

A

Methylene Blue

BACT211 (LECTURE) (13 decks)

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