week 2 powerpoint Flashcards

Question

similarity

Answer 1

organizing construct for defining disorders and symptoms ○ Individuals with similar presentations could have different disorders ○ Surface similarity- how things appear ○ Latent similarity- how things really are ■ Theoretical, developmental and explanatory

Answer 2

○ Genes and hereditary makeup lead to the manifestation of disorders ○ Milder pathologies represent undeveloped expressions of “defective genes” ■ Schizoid personality vs schizophrenia ○ "Defective gene” is modified by other genes or favorable environmental experiences ○ Gene expression can modify or change due to environmental factors

Answer 3

Anna Freud ○ Freud’s daughter ○ Object relations theory ○ Thought the mind was not pre-wired but we did have instinctual urges

Answer 4

○ Early childhood experiences accounts for psychological disorders ○ Disorders exist due to defense mechanisms developed in childhood to protect against unwanted feelings ○ Adult behavior arises from direct antecedent causes

Answer 5

○ Psychosexual stages of development ■ Oral (birth to 1 year) ■ Anal (1-3 years) ■ Phallic (3-6 years) ■ Latency (6 to puberty) ■ Genital (puberty to adulthood)

Answer 6

● Many aspects of behavior can be shaped by modeling of caretaker behavior ● Children are impacted by the behaviors of both parents (and siblings) ○ How this manifests reflects a complex interaction of these combined experiences ● Insufficiency of experiences learning adaptive behaviors can be a source of psychopathology ● Nuances and subjectivity in research/researchers makes areas of psychopathology difficult to study ● Does the child feel accepted or rejected by the parents? ○ Difficult to define and study parental neglect and its impacts

Answer 7

○ High level of neural activation ensues in response to marked distress or anxiety ■ Neural connections become associated with event and create a learned reaction ○ Heightened stress creates inability to make accurate discriminations in the environment ■ Emotional reaction of trauma becomes associated with all aspects of the environment

Answer 8

Experiences early in life are more ingrained, tend to persist and are more difficult to modify ○ Presymbolic level ○ Cannot be easily recalled or unlearned Acquired behaviors are not fixed or permanent ○ Extinction- behavior can be modified or eliminated under appropriate conditions ■ Opportunities for new learning can replace previously learned behavior ■ Similar environment where learning took place recreated ● This is challenging to do for early life experiences ● Presymbolic, random and generalized learning

Answer 9

Social and interpersonal relationships have one of the largest impacts on early behavior patterns ○ Repetitive experience ○ Reciprocal reinforcement ○ Social stereotyping ■ tendency to simplify and categorize the attributes of others

Answer 10

○ Regularity- positive approach to new stimuli- high degree of flexibility ○ Irregularity- inflexible, withdrawal from new stimuli- intense, negative mood

Answer 11

○ Activity ○ Emotionality ○ Sociability

Answer 12

Difficult to define what ways trait differences in children relate to psychopathology and at what degree

Answer 13

○ First official manual of mental disorders focussing on clinical use ○ Glossary of descriptions of diagnostic categories ○ later used for billing insurance/ making diagnoses goal to create a common language for communication between clinicians regarding disorders

Answer 14

● Work groups- 20 Disorder review groups- 4 cross-cutting review groups - Culture, sex and gender, suicide and forensic - Purpose to incorporate these factors through diagnoses and remove outdated material ● Criteria goal to create a common language for communication between clinicians regarding disorders ● Organized along developmental/lifespan trajectory - Early in life adulthood and later ● Consider symptom criteria as well as biological, social and psychological impact of symptoms ○ Use of clinical judgement/expertise is necessary to differentiate criteria exceeding normal range ● ICD and APA worked to synchronize diagnostic criteria- Harmonize with ICD 11

Answer 15

● Greater addition and distinction for childhood disorders ● Culture, race and discrimination and how it effects pathology included in disorders ○ Difference in symptom expression across cultures/races/ethnicities, cultural norms and pathology ○ Prevalence across demographic groups ○ Culture-related diagnostic issues & sex and gender related diagnostic issues included for each diagnosis ● Addition of certain disorders and revision of others ○ Prolonged Grief Disorder, Unspecified mood disorder, Suicidal behavior and nonsuicidal self injury, Stimulant induced mild neurocognitive disorder- able to code for insurance

Answer 16

● A behavioral or psychological pattern that occurs in an individual ● Reflects an underlying psychobiological dysfunction ● Consequences are clinically significant distress or disability ○ Painful symptoms ○ Impairment in one or more important areas of functioning ● Must not be an expected response to common stressors and losses ○ Loss of loved one, natural disaster ● Must not be a culturally sanctioned response to a particular event ○ Trance states in religious rituals ● Primarily a result of social deviance or conflicts with society

Answer 17

● Oversimplification ● Overdiagnoses or Misdiagnoses ● Labeling and Stigmatization

Answer 18

oversimplification ○ Reduction of complex problems to labels and numbers ○ Loss of uniqueness of human expression of mental disorders

Answer 19

overdiagnosis and misdiagnosis ○ Many symptoms and disorders are subjective- can vary from clinician to clinician ○ Changing criteria can lead to incorrect diagnoses or increase in diagnoses

Answer 20

labeling and stigmatization- ○ Diagnosing can add stressor to the individual and carry “stigma” ○ Insurance companies require a diagnosis ○ Not everyone “fits” the criteria for a specific disorder