week 2 sherpath Flashcards
1
Q
Which characteristics are true of culture?
Select all that apply.
-Culture is shared.
-Culture is dynamic.
-Culture is static.
-Culture is symbolic.
-Culture is integrated.
-Culture is learned.
A
-Culture is shared.
-Culture is dynamic.
-Culture is symbolic.
-Culture is integrated.
-Culture is learned.
2
Q
The nurse would be aware that a patient’s cultural worldview is influenced by which variables?
Select all that apply.
-The patient is agnostic.
-The patient is an older adult.
-The patient is of male gender.
-The patient was raised in Italy.
-The patient identifies as homosexual.
A
-The patient is agnostic.
-The patient is of male gender.
-The patient was raised in Italy.
-The patient identifies as homosexual.
3
Q
Which statement about ethnicity is correct
-Ethnicity and culture are interchangeable.
-Ethnicity is not inherited.
-Ethnicity describes people who share common ancestry.
-Ethnicity cannot be chosen.
A
Ethnicity describes people who share common ancestry.
4
Q
Which outcomes are associated with improved cultural awareness in health care?
Select all that apply.
-Improved patient relationships
-Improved financial outcomes
-Medication adherence
-Improved health outcomes
-Treatment compliance
A
-Improved patient relationships
-Medication adherence
-Improved health outcomes
-Treatment compliance
5
Q
Which action by the nurse indicates cultural awareness?
-Allowing for privacy when a patient with different cultural beliefs slaps his adolescent son
-Speaking only to the parent instead of the teenager with cerebral palsy but no mental disabilities
-Respecting the cultural request of a patient for a same-gender caregiver
-Refusing to care for a patient who wants to have an abortion because it goes against your beliefs
A
Respecting the cultural request of a patient for a same-gender caregiver
6
Q
Match the thought or behavior that is associated with impeding cultural awareness with its description.
Assuming a person who is homeless is lazy and does not want a job
Assuming someone is an undocumented immigrant because they are Hispanic
Refusing a patient assignment due to the ethnicity of the patient
Assuming a teenager is sexually active based on choice of clothing
Answer choices
Generalizing
Enculturation
Discrimination
Stereotyping
Prejudice
Ethnocentrism
A
Assuming a person who is homeless is lazy and does not want a job
Generalizing
Assuming someone is an undocumented immigrant because they are Hispanic
Stereotyping
Refusing a patient assignment due to the ethnicity of the patient
Discrimination
Assuming a teenager is sexually active based on choice of clothing
Prejudice
7
Q
Which aspect of cultural identity is illustrated by the Korean woman’s request for seaweed soup after giving birth?
-Assimilation
-Ritual
-Acculturation
-Enculturation
A
Ritual
8
Q
Which aspects of cultural identity can be influenced by outside factors?
Select all that apply.
-Race
-Religion
-Ethnicity
-Socioeconomic status
-Gender
A
Religion
Socioeconomic status
9
Q
Which term describes a process in which individuals or groups merge with another group and part or all of the aspects of the minority group’s culture is lost to that of the majority group?
-Cultural assimilation
-Acculturation
-Enculturation
-Cultural identity
A
Cultural assimilation
10
Q
The nurse receives a report from the emergency department about a new patient, a 25-year old pregnant Hispanic female patient who was found unresponsive at a local homeless shelter. Current vital signs are: HR 96, RR 24, and BP 135/75, and she is now alert and oriented. Which details in the report are important for the nurse to consider regarding the patient’s cultural worldview?
-Found unresponsive
-25 years of age
-Pregnant
-Found at a local homeless shelter
A
Found at a local homeless shelter
11
Q
Which are examples of culture?
Select all that apply.
-A national monument
-The Canadian flag
-Being of Asian-American descent
-Grandmother and grandchild with the same eye color
-A US twenty-dollar bill
A
12
Q
Which are examples of culture?
Select all that apply.
-A national monument
-The Canadian flag
-Being of Asian-American descent
-Grandmother and grandchild with the same eye color
-A US twenty-dollar bill
A
-A national monument
-The Canadian flag
-A US twenty-dollar bill
13
Q
Which examples illustrate how culture is dynamic?
Select all that apply.
-A young adult who changes political beliefs after moving away from the South
-A teenager who chooses to become a Christian after attending church services with his- best friend’s family
-A college student who becomes financially conservative after taking finance classes
-A grandmother who teaches a grandchild how to make homemade biscuits from a family recipe
-Being proud of your country when listening to its national anthem
A
-A young adult who changes political beliefs after moving away from the South
-A teenager who chooses to become a Christian after attending church services with his- best friend’s family
-A college student who becomes financially conservative after taking finance classes
14
Q
A Korean-American nurse is wanting to expand her cultural awareness. Which experiences are likely to increase the nurse’s cultural awareness?
Select all that apply.
-Attending a Mardi Gras parade in New Orleans
-Attending a Korean church service
-Volunteering to rock a preemie newborn of Hispanic descent in the NICU
-Attending a ceremony in a Spanish-speaking church
-Attending a French art exhibit at a local museum
A
-Attending a Mardi Gras parade in New Orleans
-Attending a ceremony in a Spanish-speaking church
-Attending a French art exhibit at a local museum
15
Q
Which statement by the nurse best exhibits cultural awareness?
-“I am a follower of Islam, but I read the Torah to learn about Judaism.”
-“I am not caring for that patient because the men do not respect women in their culture.”
-“I am a Christian, and I spend quiet time every morning reading the Bible.”
-“I believe it is a disservice to Amish children not to teach them the advances of technology.”
A
“I am a follower of Islam, but I read the Torah to learn about Judaism.”
16
Q
While caring for a dying patient with stage 4 lung cancer who does not believe in God, the nurse quietly asks if she can pray for him and if he would consider following the teachings of Jesus during his last few weeks of life. Which behavior or thought process is the nurse exhibiting?
-Stereotyping
-Discrimination
-Ethnocentrism
-Enculturation
A
Ethnocentrism
17
Q
Which examples illustrate how nurses can increase their cultural awareness?
Select all that apply.
-Attending a continuing medical education conference (CME) on cultural awareness
-Identifying their own biases
-Learning about a different culture from a coworker
-Returning to school for a nurse practitioner degree
-Learning to say “hello” in a foreign language
A
-Attending a continuing medical education conference (CME) on cultural awareness
-Identifying their own biases
-Learning about a different culture from a coworker
-Learning to say “hello” in a foreign language
18
Q
Which concept is exemplified by a Hispanic toddler who is brought to the United States and learns English but can no longer speak his native language of Spanish?
-Cultural assimilation
-Ritual
-Acculturation
-Cultural identity
A
Cultural assimilation
19
Q
A 27-year-old has recently changed his beliefs on gun control after experiencing a mass shooting at a local music concert. This is an example of which concept related to culture?
-Assimilation
-Acculturation
-Identity
-Ritual
A
Identity
20
Q
Which scenarios illustrate the process of acculturation?
Select all that apply.
-A family who immigrated to the United States and no longer speaks their native language
-A Korean child who has learned to speak English at school but still speaks Korean in the- home
-A Chinese mother who teaches her child how to use chopsticks
-An American mother who teaches her child how to use chopsticks in addition to silverware when eating, after moving to China with her Chinese-American husband.
-A child who learns to recite the Lord’s prayer from grandparents
A
-A Korean child who has learned to speak English at school but still speaks Korean in the- home
-An American mother who teaches her child how to use chopsticks in addition to silverware when eating, after moving to China with her Chinese-American husband.
21
Q
Match the characteristic of cultural competence to the action of the nurse.
Called for a same-gender doctor to show respect to the culture
Asked a Kurdish colleague for more information about the patient’s culture
Noted the differences between his culture and the patient’s culture
Provided the patient’s culture-related data to colleagues
Answer choices
Cultural sensitivity
Cultural knowledge
Cultural proficiency
Cultural awareness
Cultural humility
A
Called for a same-gender doctor to show respect to the culture
Cultural sensitivity
Asked a Kurdish colleague for more information about the patient’s culture
Cultural knowledge
Noted the differences between his culture and the patient’s culture
Cultural awareness
Provided the patient’s culture-related data to colleagues
Cultural proficiency
22
Q
Which nursing action exemplifies cultural awareness?
-Learning a foreign language
-Asking a coworker about her religious beliefs
-Questioning one’s own religious beliefs
-Maintaining and acquiring new cultural knowledge
A
Questioning one’s own religious beliefs
23
Q
Which statements about culturally competent nursing care are true?
Select all that apply.
-Cultural competence begins with cultural awareness.
-Cultural competence is a cognitive thought process.
-Cultural competence can increase health disparities.
-Cultural competence incorporates the patient’s culture into his or her health care plan.
-Once cultural competence is achieved, it cannot be lost.
A
-Cultural competence begins with cultural awareness.
-Cultural competence incorporates the patient’s culture into his or her health care plan.
24
Q
When assessing a patient, the nurse asks, “What health remedies have you used to address your health issues?” Which cultural phenomenon is the nurse assessing?
-Communication
-Space
-Social orientation
-Environmental control
A
Environmental control
25
According the Giger and Davidhizar Transcultural Assessment Model, which questions might be asked when addressing the social orientation cultural phenomenon?
Select all that apply.
-What is your role in the family?
-Do you attend church regularly?
-What do you consider your ethnicity?
-Do you know of any familial diseases seen in your family?
-What do you enjoy doing if you have free time?
-What is your role in the family?
-Do you attend church regularly?
-What do you consider your ethnicity?
-What do you enjoy doing if you have free time?
26
Which rationales for asking specific questions during a cultural assessment are accurate?
Select all that apply.
-Allows the nurse to see the health concerns from the patient’s perspective
-Allows the patient to maintain control during the hospital stay
-Helps eliminate miscommunication between the nurse and the patient
-Strengthens the nurse-patient relationship
-Leads to a shorter hospital stay
-Allows the nurse to see the health concerns from the patient’s perspective
-Helps eliminate miscommunication between the nurse and the patient
-Strengthens the nurse-patient relationship
27
Which cultural issue is the patient most likely to hide from the nurse?
-Food preference
-Personal view on euthanasia
-Illiteracy
-Role in the family environment
-Illiteracy
28
Which interventions are most appropriate when a patient speaks the predominant language but it is not his or her native language?
Select all that apply.
-Speak louder.
-Use a professional interpreter.
-Have the child translate for the family member.
-Provide written materials.
-Limit the use of slang.
-Use a professional interpreter.
-Provide written materials.
-Limit the use of slang.
29
The nurse is caring for a Puerto Rican patient who must make a decision about whether to have surgery for an advanced-stage brain tumor. Which action or characteristic would the nurse expect to see based on the patient’s ethnicity?
-The patient will likely avoid eye contact with the nurse while discussing treatment options.
-The patient will likely consult with the family before making a decision.
-The patient may request that the nurse not tell the family of the advanced stage of the tumor.
-The patient may have concerns about the possibility of a blood transfusion during the surgery.
The patient will likely consult with the family before making a decision.
30
Match the characteristic associated with cultural competence with the correct definition.
Acquiring, maintaining, and sharing new cultural information with others
Effectively communicating and including cultural beliefs in patient care
Recognizing limitations in knowledge and understanding of other cultures
Learning and gaining new information about other cultures
Answer choices
Cultural skill
Cultural knowledge
Cultural awareness
Cultural proficiency
Cultural humility
Acquiring, maintaining, and sharing new cultural information with others
Cultural proficiency
Effectively communicating and including cultural beliefs in patient care
Cultural skill
Recognizing limitations in knowledge and understanding of other cultures
Cultural humility
Learning and gaining new information about other cultures
Cultural knowledge
31
To provide culturally competent nursing care, the nurse must be aware of interactions among which cultures?
Select all that apply.
-The health care provider’s personal culture
-The patient’s personal culture
-The nurse’s personal culture
-The health care system’s culture
-The personal culture of the patient’s significant other
-The patient’s personal culture
-The nurse’s personal culture
-The health care system’s culture
32
Which questions would best encourage cultural competency when first encountering a patient with complaints of low back pain in the emergency department?
Select all that apply.
-What concerns you the most about your low back pain?
-Was there a specific event that led to the pain?
-Have you tried herbal remedies to help with the pain?
-Have you sought treatment from an alternative health care provider?
-How long has the pain been present?
-What concerns you the most about your low back pain?
-Have you tried herbal remedies to help with the pain?
-Have you sought treatment from an alternative health care provider?
33
Which questions would best encourage cultural competency when first encountering a patient with complaints of low back pain in the emergency department?
Select all that apply.
-What concerns you the most about your low back pain?
-Was there a specific event that led to the pain?
-Have you tried herbal remedies to help with the pain?
-Have you sought treatment from an alternative health care provider?
-How long has the pain been present?
-What concerns you the most about your low back pain?
-Have you tried herbal remedies to help with the pain?
-Have you sought treatment from an alternative health care provider?
34
Which questions would the nurse ask during a culturally appropriate health assessment of a patient with complaints of cough based on the 4 Cs of Culture?
Select all that apply.
-Who have you consulted regarding your condition?
-Can you communicate clearly about your issue?
-What do you think caused the cough?
-How do you cope with the cough?
-What is your biggest concern about the cough?
-What do you call the type of cough that you have been experiencing?
-What do you think caused the cough?
-How do you cope with the cough?
-What is your biggest concern about the cough?
-What do you call the type of cough that you have been experiencing?
35
Which details would the nurse include during a culturally appropriate nursing assessment with respect to the cultural phenomenon of communication?
Select all that apply.
-Preferred language
-Tonal preference
-Use of nonverbal communication
-Proximity to others
-Comfort with touch
-Preferred language
-Tonal preference
-Use of nonverbal communication
36
The nurse is performing a cultural health assessment on a patient who is of African descent. Which question would be most important to include in the cultural assessment based on the patient’s ethnicity?
-Which is your preferred language?
-How do you best learn new information, verbal or written?
-Have you ever been told of a genetic susceptibility to a specific disease?
-Is physical touch acceptable from a stranger?
-Have you ever been told of a genetic susceptibility to a specific disease?
37
The nurse is caring for a patient of Hispanic descent who understands English but is not fluent in the language. Which action or statement by the nurse would be most appropriate when attempting to alleviate the patient’s concern about an upcoming medical procedure?
-Speaking loudly, explain, “The risks of an adverse event during the procedure are minimal.”
-“Having cold feet prior to a medical procedure is normal.”
-“The CRNA is very competent and experienced at putting patients to sleep.”
-“Would you like me to have an interpreter come to the room so I can more thoroughly answer any questions or concerns that you may have?”
“Would you like me to have an interpreter come to the room so I can more thoroughly answer any questions or concerns that you may have?”
38
The nurse is caring for a Native American patient, newly diagnosed with lung cancer, who smokes his own tobacco. Which strategy would the nurse implement when providing culturally competent nursing care for this patient?
-Cultural accommodation
-Cultural care restructuring
-Cultural negotiation
-Cultural maintenance
-Cultural care restructuring
39
What describes an early care responsibility within the stages of family approaches to caregiving?
-Listening to family health care complaints
-Palliative care for end-stage renal disease
-Clinician discussion related to diabetes care
-Allowing family members to support themselves
Clinician discussion related to diabetes care
40
Order approaches of an ecological model to reduce barriers to health care.
Understand national health policies
Understand interpersonal relationships with family members
Locate community health resources
Identify family support systems
Understand interpersonal relationships with family members
Identify family support systems
Locate community health resources
Understand national health policies
41
Which tasks demonstrate a nursing role in family caregiving?
Select all that apply.
-Creating a strict care routine for all skills
-Sharing the birth of a new family member
-Asking family members about their openness
-Educating family members about healthy eating
-Allowing a family caregiver to perform skills they are trained in
-Asking family members about their openness
-Educating family members about healthy eating
-Allowing a family caregiver to perform skills they are trained in
42
Which actions illustrate the focal points of family-centered nursing practice?
Select all that apply.
-Renewing nursing licensure
-Reading the latest nursing journals
-Connecting family members with community resources
-Listening to family members’ concerns about caregiving
-Educating family members to assist with healthy meal preparation
-Connecting family members with community resources
-Listening to family members’ concerns about caregiving
-Educating family members to assist with healthy meal preparation
43
Which task explains a component of acute family caregiving?
Discussion of toileting measures postdischarge
Changing caregiving schedules postdischarge
Allowing family members to partner in care
Resources available postacute illness
Answer choices
Self-efficacy
Communication
Flexibility
Openness
Discussion of toileting measures postdischarge
Openness
Changing caregiving schedules postdischarge
Flexibility
Allowing family members to partner in care
Self-efficacy
Resources available postacute illness
Communication
44
What measure is essential for effective family caregiving as a family member transitions to continuing care?
-Continuing the restrictiveness of continuing care
-Suggesting that family members will have less interaction
-Being flexible about family care changes postdischarge
-Being open and explaining that caregiving will be needed for the remainder of the family member’s life
Being open and explaining that caregiving will be needed for the remainder of the family member’s life
45
You are the family nurse assigned to assist Michael and Grace. Which of these tasks would be an inappropriate nursing responsibility from a family-centered approach?
-Provide a predetermined plan of care for Michael.
-Assess family resources related to the long-term care facility.
-Discuss communication methods with Michael, Grace, and their children.
-Determine family member caregiving skills in caring for Michael and Grace.
Provide a predetermined plan of care for Michael.
46
Which tasks describe nursing roles for an evidence-based approach to Grace’s needs?
Select all that apply.
-Reviewing clinical research on caregiver stress
-Performing a self-assessment of nurse’s clinical skills
-Communicating with Grace about how she deals with stress
-Discussing Grace’s behavior with neighbors
-Scheduling an intervention for Grace before discussions
-Reviewing clinical research on caregiver stress
-Performing a self-assessment of nurse’s clinical skills
-Communicating with Grace about how she deals with stress
47
Which task demonstrates a family-centered nursing role?
-Providing education to family members on healthy dietary approaches to wellness based on clinical research
-Developing an educational program for healthy eating based on personal weight loss program
-Assigning caregiving tasks to family members based on needs
-Suggesting the family restrict communication with each other to reduce potential for stress
Providing education to family members on healthy dietary approaches to wellness based on clinical research
48
Promoting wellness approaches to family-centered care would include which ideas?
Select all that apply.
-Keep up to date on clinical research support for caregiver stress.
-Discuss measures the family has used in times of stress.
-Share family recipes related to healthy nutrition.
-Provide a healthy diet plan to family members.
-Refrain from discussions to reduce potential stress.
-Keep up to date on clinical research support for caregiver stress.
-Discuss measures the family has used in times of stress.
-Share family recipes related to healthy nutrition.
49
Which is an essential component of acute family caregiving for Michael and Grace’s family?
-Assessing family member skills in delivering acute care needs during high-stress events
-Delegating Michael’s acute needs to the most available family member
-Requesting family members resolve Grace’s stress
-Providing education on dietary needs
Assessing family member skills in delivering acute care needs during high-stress events
50
Considering the role of communication in caring for Michael’s restorative care needs, what are essential family caregiving approaches?
Select all that apply.
-Begin communication related to restorative care as soon as possible.
-Maintain openness when discussing Michael’s health care needs.
-Understand transition to restorative and continuing care can be difficult for families.
-Suggest that restorative care is necessary for the remainder of Michael’s life.
-Communicate that rigid schedules are essential to maintain Michael’s care.
-Begin communication related to restorative care as soon as possible.
-Maintain openness when discussing Michael’s health care needs.
-Understand transition to restorative and continuing care can be difficult for families.
51
Which directional pattern of growth is seen in early infant development?
-Dorsolateral
-Ventromedial
-Ventrolateral
-Cephalocaudal
Cephalocaudal
52
Which pattern of development growth can be described as “from the center outward”?
-Mediolateral
-Ventrolateral
-Proximodistal
-Coronal to sagittal
Proximodistal
53
cephalocaudal pattern of growth is seen in which aspect of motor development?
-An infant will be able to roll front to back before he or she can crawl.
-An infant can use their upper limbs before he or she is able to use their lower limbs.
-An infant will be able to point to a moving object before they can bat the object.
-An infant will be able to lift the head before they demonstrate tripod sitting.
An infant can use their upper limbs before he or she is able to use their lower limbs
54
What factors make children more vulnerable to environmental exposures?
Select all that apply.
-Small body surface area
- Large body surface area
-Increased metabolic rate and growth
-Slow and gradual developing tissue in many body systems
-Immature and rapidly developing tissue in multiple body systems
- Large body surface area
-Increased metabolic rate and growth
-Immature and rapidly developing tissue in multiple body systems
55
Which environmental substances are known to have a teratogenic effect on the developing fetus?
Select all that apply.
-Statins
-Ethanol
-Penicillin
-Vitamin D
-Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Statins
Ethanol
56
Which factor affecting growth and development is defined as the sum of beliefs and values shared and transmitted from generation to generation?
-Social
-Family
-Culture
-Physiological
-Psychological
Culture
57
Why are age-appropriate growth parameters (height, weight, head circumference) measured and plotted at each well-child visit?
Select all that apply.
-To help monitor neurological development
-To help evaluate basal metabolic rate (BMR)
-To predict the amount of fat cells gained yearly
-To calculate body mass index (BMI) in children over 2 years of age
-To monitor changes in growth rates, which can indicate an underlying health problem
-To help monitor neurological development
-To help evaluate basal metabolic rate (BMR)
-To calculate body mass index (BMI) in children over 2 years of age
-To monitor changes in growth rates, which can indicate an underlying health problem
58
A student nurse is learning the best way to measure the head circumference of an infant. -Which is the appropriate advice?
-Measure across the pinna and over the broadest part of the parietal bone
-Wrap a no-stretch measuring tape above the supraorbital ridges and over the most prominent part of the occiput
-Wrap a no-stretch measuring tape around the forehead, across the temporal bone, and over the least prominent part of the occiput
-Wrap a no-stretch measuring tape across the widest part of the zygomatic arch and around the least prominent part of the occiput
Wrap a no-stretch measuring tape above the supraorbital ridges and over the most prominent part of the occiput
59
Childhood obesity is defined as a BMI in which category?
>50th percentile
>75th percentile
>85th percentile
>95th percentile
>95th percentile
60
Which behavior is commonly exhibited by young children experiencing a stressful situation such as hospitalization?
-Regression
-Repression
-Sublimation
-Rationalization
Regression
61
Erikson viewed development as a lifelong series of conflicts affected by which factors?
Social and cultural
Ecological and physical
Biological and psychological
Educational and environmental
Social and cultural
62
Match the stage of development according to Erikson with the corresponding age group.
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Answer choices
Toddlerhood
Infancy
Preschool age
School age
Trust vs. Mistrust
Infancy
Autonomy vs. Shame
Toddlerhood
Initiative vs. Guilt
Preschool age
Industry vs. Inferiority
School age
63
Match the period of cognitive development according to Piaget with the corresponding age group.
Birth-2 years
2-7 years
7-11 years
11 years-adulthood
Answer choice
Formal operations
Preoperational thought
Concrete operations
Sensorimotor
Birth-2 years
Sensorimotor
2-7 years
Preoperational thought
7-11 years
Concrete operations
11 years-adulthood
Formal operations
64
If a child begins to make judgments and his or her thinking becomes more logical, Piaget would suggest the child is at which stage of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Formal operational
Concrete operational
Preoperational
65
Which statement describes how nurses can use Piaget’s theories in a pediatric setting?
Select all that apply.
Nurses can use the theories to develop teaching plans for children.
Nurses can use the theories to predict health outcomes in children.
Nurses can use the theories to understand the cognitive basis of fears.
Nurses can use the theories to understand the physiological basis for disease.
Nurses can use the theories to understand psychosexual stages of development.
Nurses can use the theories to develop teaching plans for children.
Nurses can use the theories to predict health outcomes in children.
Nurses can use the theories to understand the cognitive basis of fears.
66
Freud suggested parts of the body assume psychological significance as the focus of which type of energy?
Sexual energy
Sensorimotor energy
Preoperational energy
Formal operational energy
Sexual energy
67
Which statement corresponds to Freud’s puberty stage of psychosexual development?
A child who places an object in his or her mouth
A child who tries to control body functions
A child who experiences personal and family turmoil
A child who begins to develop a conscience and feelings of guilt
A child who experiences personal and family turmoil
68
Which scenario would indicate that a child is at the latency stage of psychosexual development?
A 2-year-old child who constantly places objects in his or her mouth
A 13-year-old boy who finds excuses to talk to his female friend in class
A 9-year-old girl who refuses to sit next to a boy on the bus because she is afraid of “boy germs”
A 15-year-old child who fights with his or her mother about wanting to stay out late on weekends
A 9-year-old girl who refuses to sit next to a boy on the bus because she is afraid of “boy germs”
69
Fear of punishment is the hallmark of which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
Level of premorality
Level of conventional morality
Level of postconventional morality
Level of self-accepted moral principles
Level of premorality
70
A child who feels guilty about stealing a toy is demonstrating which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
Select all that apply.
Preconventional morality (stage 1)
Preconventional morality (stage 2)
Morality of conventional role conformity (stage 3)
Morality of conventional role conformity (stage 4)
Morality of self-accepted moral principles (stage 5)
Morality of conventional role conformity (stage 3)
Morality of conventional role conformity (stage 4)
Morality of self-accepted moral principles (stage 5)
71
A child who acts in a way to avoid consequences rather than internal feelings of right and wrong is demonstrating which of Kohlberg’s levels of moral development?
Premorality
Morality of conventional role conformity
Morality of self-accepted moral principles
Morality of postconvential role conformity
Premorality
72
The progression of function in infants can be described by which patterns of growth and development?
Select all that apply.
Simple to complex
General to specific
Complex to simple
Specific to general
Functional to nonfunctional
Simple to complex
General to specific
73
A rapid pace of growth is common in which age group?
Select all that apply.
From birth to 2 years
From 10 years to puberty
From 2 years to 10 years
From 16 to approx. 24 years
From puberty to 15 years
From birth to 2 years
From puberty to 15 years
74
A nurse is measuring the height and weight of a 4-year-old child during the well-child visit. The child’s parents comment that they are concerned that the child’s growth seems to have slowed down since the child was a toddler. The nurse knows that this is because of which factors?
The child may be neglected at home.
The child likely has a growth disorder.
Normal growth slows down in this age group.
The child isn’t taking in enough calories for their age.
Normal growth slows down in this age group
75
A typical dietary pattern for optimal growth and development includes which proportions of fat, carbohydrate, and protein?
20% fat, 50% carbohydrate, and 30% protein
50% fat, 30% carbohydrate, and 20% protein
15% fat, 35% carbohydrate, and 50% protein
40% fat, 40% carbohydrate and 20% protein
20% fat, 50% carbohydrate, and 30% protein
76
Multifactorial birth defects result because of a combination of which two factors?
Select all that apply.
Genetics
Economic
Environment
Physiological
Psychological
Genetics
environment
77
Which two influences on growth and development increase the risk of occurrence of multifactorial birth defects?
Select all that apply.
If the child is female, the risk for multifactorial birth defects will increase.
If one close relative has a severe form of the defect, then the risk for multifactorial birth defects increases.
A risk for multifactorial birth defects increases if the mother has gestational diabetes.
If several close relatives have the defect, whether mild or severe, it will increase the risk for multifactorial birth defects.
If the mother is exposed to harmful chemicals during pregnancy, then the child is at increased risk for multifactorial birth defects.
If one close relative has a severe form of the defect, then the risk for multifactorial birth defects increases.
If several close relatives have the defect, whether mild or severe, it will increase the risk for multifactorial birth defects.
78
Which are the best resources to find an appropriate growth chart in assessing growth for a 1-year-old child?
Food and Drug Administration growth chart
American Academy of Pediatrics growth chart
Center for Disease Control (CDC) growth charts for this age group
World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards for this age group
World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards for this age group
79
A 6-month-old infant is brought to the clinic and after assessing the child’s head circumference, the nurse notes that the head circumference for this baby has gone from the 50th percentile to 10th percentile since the 2-month visit. What might this indicate?
Select all that apply.
A delay in skull growth
A below-normal intelligence
Disturbances in nutrition intake
A problem with brain development
Issues with physical development
A delay in skull growth
Disturbances in nutrition intake
A problem with brain development
80
The nurse is assessing a newborn and notes that the head circumference is 13 inches and the chest circumference is 11 inches. What conclusion can be made by the nurse about this ratio?
The newborn has a cardiovascular anomaly.
The newborn is presenting with a normal growth pattern.
The newborn is at risk of having microcephaly and neuro referral is needed.
The child may have a developmental delay as the head should be at least 17 inches at birth.
The newborn is presenting with a normal growth pattern.
81
How does Erickson’s theory of child development influence pediatric nursing?
It provides a rationale for appropriate punishment of children.
It provides a theoretical basis for teaching children life skills for the future.
It provides a theoretical basis for the emotional care required for nursing.
It provides feedback for thoroughly understanding why children may get sick.
It provides a theoretical basis for the emotional care required for nursing.
82
Which statement reflects a child’s ability to develop autonomy according to Erikson?
The child learns to do chores.
The child is able to pour milk from a cup.
The child speaks in an appropriate tone of voice.
The child no longer cries when taken from the mother.
The child is able to pour milk from a cup.
83
A mother presents to the nurse and states, “just recently my child has developed a positive, ‘can-do’ attitude towards all of her tasks.” Based on this comment the child has recently reached which stage of psychosocial development according to Erikson?
Initiative vs guilt
Trust vs mistrust
Identity vs role confusion
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Initiative vs guilt
84
According to Piaget’s cognitive theory, which concept is demonstrated by an infant looking for a pacifier that has fallen out of the crib?
Object permanence
Operational thought
Preoperational thought
Concrete operational thought
Object permanence
85
What is a child at the concrete operational stage able to understand?
Fact vs. fiction
Socialized thinking
Abstract thinking
Far past and far future events
Fact vs. fiction
86
Match the period of cognitive development with the appropriate characteristic.
Egocentric view of the world.
Thinking is magical and dominated by perception.
Thinking becomes logical.
Situations can be analyzed.
Answer choices
Sensorimotor
Concrete operational
Formal operational
Preoperational
Egocentric view of the world.
Sensorimotor
Thinking is magical and dominated by perception.
Preoperational
Thinking becomes logical.
Concrete operational
Situations can be analyzed.
Formal operational
87
A school-age child asks the school nurse about sexual development, which indicates that the child is in which Freudian stage of development?
Anal stage
Latency stage
Genital stage
Phallic or Oedipal/Electra stage
Phallic or Oedipal/Electra stage
88
Match Freud’s stage of psychosexual development to the corresponding activity.
Child is found playing with contents of diaper.
Child has an increased interest in genitals.
Child’s superego represses thoughts of sexuality
Child experiences personal and family turmoil.
Answer choices
Anal stage
Latency stage
Puberty stage
Phallic stage
Child is found playing with contents of diaper.
Anal stage
Child has an increased interest in genitals.
Phallic stage
Child’s superego represses thoughts of sexuality
Latency stage
Child experiences personal and family turmoil.
Puberty stage
89
Order the stage of psychosexual development as they occur in chronological order.
Phallic Stage—pre-school
Anal Stage—toddlerhood
Latency Stage—school-age
Oral Stage—infancy
Puberty—adolescence
Oral Stage—infancy
Anal Stage—toddlerhood
Phallic Stage—pre-school
Latency Stage—school-age
Puberty—adolescence
90
A child prefers to be with friends rather than with parents. The child is demonstrating which of Kohlberg’s levels of morality?
The level of premorality (stage 1)
The level of premorality (stage 2)
Level of conventional role conformity
Level of self-accepted moral principles
Level of self-accepted moral principles
91
Match the scenarios with the corresponding stages or levels of morality as stated by Kohlberg.
Premorality or preconventional morality, stage 0
Morality of conventional role conformity
Morality of self-accepted moral principles
Premorality or preconventional morality, stage 2
Answer choices
Decisions are made on the basis of what pleases the child.
Child conforms to rules out of self-interest.
Morality is based on avoiding disapproval or disturbing the conscience.
Right is determined by what is best for the majority.
Premorality or preconventional morality, stage 0
Decisions are made on the basis of what pleases the child.
Morality of conventional role conformity
Morality is based on avoiding disapproval or disturbing the conscience.
Morality of self-accepted moral principles
Right is determined by what is best for the majority.
Premorality or preconventional morality, stage 2
Child conforms to rules out of self-interest.
92
A 5-year-old who steals money from his or her mother’s purse and does not understand consequences is likely at which stage of morality?
Select all that apply.
Premorality/preconventional morality
Morality of conventional role conformity
Morality of self-accepted moral principles
Morality of nonconventional role conformity
Instrumental hedonism and concrete reciprocity
Premorality/preconventional morality
Instrumental hedonism and concrete reciprocity
93
Which cellular changes are characteristic of aging?
Select all that apply.
Atrophy
Diminished function
Altered protein homeostasis
Decrease in number of cells
Increased capacity to divide
Atrophy
Diminished function
Altered protein homeostasis
Decrease in number of cells
94
Which attribute describes a genetic factor affecting aging?
Exercise
Good nutrition
Infectious disease
Epigenetic changes
Epigenetic changes
95
Which statements reflect the impact of genetics on aging?
Select all that apply.
Genes play a role in repair of cells.
Inherited genes have little effect on life span.
Genetic factors are involved in cell maintenance.
Genetic factors lead to altered cell functioning.
Mutations that influence aging are either inherited or occur after birth.
Genes play a role in repair of cells.
Genetic factors are involved in cell maintenance.
Genetic factors lead to altered cell functioning.
Mutations that influence aging are either inherited or occur after birth.
96
Which outcome does the nurse understand to be a normal result of the aging process?
Cellular atrophy
Cell function increases
Cell damage decreases
Number of cells increases
Cellular atrophy
97
Which theme is found across all types of theories of aging?
Aging is preventable.
The process of aging begins at conception and ends at death.
An acute deterioration of function is a hallmark of the aging process.
Diseases commonly seen in older patients are the focus of the aging process.
The process of aging begins at conception and ends at death.
98
Match the item with the correct description of programmed aging theory.
Immunological Theory
Neuroendocrine Theory
Programmed Senescence Theory
Answers choices
Turning on/off of specific genes results in aging
Hypothalamus becomes less functional
Decrease in immune response causes chronic disease
Immunological Theory
Decrease in immune response causes chronic disease
Neuroendocrine Theory
Hypothalamus becomes less functional
Programmed Senescence Theory
Turning on/off of specific genes results in aging
99
Match the item with the correct description of damage theory of aging.
Cross Linking Theory
Wear and Tear Theory
Answer choices
Protein fibers form bonds and decrease elasticity
Body wears out from use and abuse
Hypothalamus becomes less functional
Cross Linking Theory
Protein fibers form bonds and decrease elasticity
Wear and Tear Theory
Body wears out from use and abuse
100
Match the item with the correct stage of transformation according to Gould’s theory.
28 to 34 years of age
34 to 43 years of age
43 to 50 years of age
50 to 60 years of age
Answer choice
Stability and acceptance
Reconciliation and mellowing
Questioning and reexamination
Midlife decade
28 to 34 years of age
Questioning and reexamination
34 to 43 years of age
Midlife decade
43 to 50 years of age
Reconciliation and mellowing
50 to 60 years of age
Stability and acceptance
101
Which false assumptions of childhood that adults need to resolve during their lifetime did Gould identify?
Select all that apply.
“Death and evil are not real.”
“Life is simple, and I can control it.”
“I’ll always live with my parents and be their child.”
“I don’t need to be there to help my parents when they can’t do things on their own.”
“My parents will always be available to help me fix any situation that comes up that I can’t handle on my own.”
“Death and evil are not real.”
“Life is simple, and I can control it.”
“I’ll always live with my parents and be their child.”
102
According to Gould’s theory on adult development, on which transitional stage do 22- to 28-year-old people focus?
Leaving the parents’ world
Getting into the adult world
Reconciliation and mellowing
Questioning and reexamination
Getting into the adult world
103
Which type of change in body systems is associated with the physiological process of aging?
Acute
Obvious
Limited
Gradual
Gradual
104
Which cellular factors are significant to the aging process?
Select all that apply.
Increased cell damage
Improved capacity to divide
Altered protein homeostasis
Decrease in number of cells
Diminished capacity to repair damaged DNA
Increased cell damage
Altered protein homeostasis
Decrease in number of cells
Diminished capacity to repair damaged DNA
105
Which statement describes an example of how the environment affects aging?
Good nutrition can slow the aging process.
Cellular maintenance and repair affect aging.
Gene mutations occurring after birth can affect aging.
People whose ancestors have lived longer lives tend to also live longer lives.
Good nutrition can slow the aging process.
106
Which common theme explains the aging process?
The aging process is universal.
Deterioration of functioning occurs rapidly.
Aging is an abnormal physiological process.
Young adulthood marks the beginning of the aging process.
The aging process is universal.
107
Which theory states life span can be lengthened if a change is made to minimize damage?
Immunological Theory
Cross Linking Theory
Neuroendocrine Theory
Programmed Senescence Theory
Cross Linking Theory
108
Which theory of aging states protein fibers form bonds instead of remaining separate, causing tissue to become less elastic?
Cross Linking Theory
Wear and Tear Theory
Immunological Theory
Neuroendocrine Theory
Cross Linking Theory
109
Which theory states the body wears out from overuse and abuse and that the toxins in the diet, poor nutrition, and stressors contribute to wear and tear?
Wear and Tear Theory
Immunological Theory
Neuroendocrine Theory
Programmed Senescence Theory
Wear and Tear Theory
110
Which individual is in the stage of transformation identified by Gould as “getting into the adult world”?
An 18 year old heading off to college
A 22 year old who accepted a new job
A 30 year old who bought a new house
A 32 year old who established a 5-year career plan
A 22 year old who accepted a new job
111
Which false assumption of childhood that adults need to resolve during their lifetime does Gould identify?
“Death and evil are real.”
“Life is simple and I can control it.”
“Bad things do not happen to good people.”
“I will be able to live with my parents until I am financially stable.”
Life is simple and I can control it.”
112
Which sources of internal conflict prevent adults from progressing through the developmental stages of Gould’s transformation?
Select all that apply.
Denial of reality to protect oneself from pain
Reluctance to fully commit due to fear of abandonment
Maintenance of work-life balance
Arguments with an unhappy colleague or supervisor
Economic pressures resulting in reduced hours due to a recession
Denial of reality to protect oneself from pain
Reluctance to fully commit due to fear of abandonment
Maintenance of work-life balance
113
Match the item with the physical change related to aging in older adulthood.
Functional impairment
Acute illness and injury
Weakened immune system
Answer choice
Higher risk of dementia or osteoporosis
Chronic care issues
Susceptibility to infection
Functional impairment
Higher risk of dementia or osteoporosis
Acute illness and injury
Chronic care issues
Weakened immune system
Susceptibility to infection
114
Which characteristic reflects a common physical change that occurs during older adulthood?
Pallor in the absence of anemia
Loss of eyebrow hair in men
Decrease in anteroposterior diameter of thorax
Elevation in blood pressure
Pallor in the absence of anemia
115
Which finding is an expected physical change during older adulthood?
Increased peristalsis
Increased skin elasticity
Decreased sense of taste
Enhanced light reflex in eyes
Decreased sense of taste
116
Match the item with the description of commonly occurring diseases in older adults.
Delirium
Depression
Alzheimer’s disease
Answer choice
Most common form of dementia that has no cure
Transient, generally reversible disease
Underdiagnosed disease in older adults
Delirium
Transient, generally reversible disease
Depression
Unerdiagnosed disease in older adults
Alzheimer’s disease
Most common form of dementia that has no cure
117
Which cognitive change is characteristic of older adulthood?
Visual memory remains robust.
Short-term memory is unaffected.
New skills can be learned at the same pace as before older adulthood.
Long-term memory for new information is minimally reduced.
Visual memory remains robust.
118
Which attributes are risk factors for delirium during older adulthood?
Select all that apply.
Pain
Old age
Polypharmacy
Hospitalization
Cerebral dysfunction
Pain
Old age
Polypharmacy
Hospitalization
119
Which term describes the adaptive function allowing older adults to recall the past and assign new meaning to past experiences?
Recall
Recollection
Remembering
Reminiscence
Reminiscence
120
Which activities experienced by older adults improve their psychosocial health activities?
Select all that apply.
Exclusion from social roles
Implementation of a life review
Active involvement in community activities
Opportunity to share wisdom gained from life experience
Spending time alone following retirement from a fulfilling job
Implementation of a life review
Active involvement in community activities
Opportunity to share wisdom gained from life experience
121
Which statement describes sexuality in older adults?
Sexuality in the older adult is focused on procreation.
As people age, the need to express sexual feelings decreases.
Sexuality has fewer moral considerations once a person reaches the older adult phase of life.
Behavioral modifications allow older adults to experience sexual pleasure in the presence of illness.
Behavioral modifications allow older adults to experience sexual pleasure in the presence of illness.
122
Which statement describes the relationship between illness and aging in older adulthood?
Disease is an expected outcome of aging.
Acute illness increases risk for chronic health conditions.
Illness and disease seen in older adults are unique to this group.
The strengthened immune system protects older adults against infectious disease.
Acute illness increases risk for chronic health conditions.
123
Which features describe the anticipated physical changes of older adulthood?
Select all that apply.
Decreased sense of taste
Diminished sense of smell
Decreased rate of nail growth
Increased accommodation noted in eyes
Spotty pigmentation of skin, regardless of sun exposure
Decreased sense of taste
Diminished sense of smell
Decreased rate of nail growth
124
Which attribute reflects a change in the cardiovascular system of the older adult?
Blood pressure is elevated.
Orthostatic hypertension is common.
Peripheral pulses are difficult to palpate.
Lower extremities are colder, especially during the day.
Orthostatic hypertension is common.
125
Which chronic condition are older adults at higher risk for due to age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system?
Injury
Pneumonia
Osteoporosis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Osteoporosis
126
Which term describes the most common form of dementia, affecting 38% of people over age 85?
Delirium
Depression
Vascular dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease
127
Which term describes a transient, generally reversible and treatable cause of cerebral dysfunction?
Delirium
Depression
Vascular dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
Delirium
128
Which statements represent normal cognitive functioning in older adulthood?
Select all that apply.
Inability to learn new skills occurs.
Visual memory declines.
Ability to recall numbers is not impacted.
Recall of experiential procedures is unaffected.
Long-term memory for new information declines.
Recall of experiential procedures is unaffected.
Long-term memory for new information declines
129
Which illness manifests the loss of intellectual abilities, is treatable, but is not reversible or curable?
Delirium
Depression
Vascular dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease
130
Which action reflects the anticipated cognitive changes associated with older adulthood?
A 65-year-old person is able to remember a grandchild’s new phone number.
A 70-year-old person who has a driver’s license forgets how to drive the family vehicle.
A 75-year-old person enrolls in a class to earn a digital photography certificate.
An 80-year-old person struggles to remember how to read when trying to read a newsletter.
A 75-year-old person enrolls in a class to earn a digital photography certificate.
131
Which activity shifts roles for older adults, causing feelings of loneliness and isolation?
Reminiscence of the past
Participation in social events
Retirement from a fulfilling and productive career
Inability to share wisdom gained from life experience
Retirement from a fulfilling and productive career
132
Which aspects influence the understanding of sexuality as a fundamental human need in older adulthood?
Select all that apply.
Legal
Moral
Social
Biological
Psychological
Moral
Social
Biological
Psychological
133
Which factors can affect older adults’ living arrangements?
Select all that apply.
Health
Social roles
Perception of sexuality
Changing life circumstances
Family and social responsibilities
Health
Social roles
Changing life circumstances
Family and social responsibilities
134
Which statement provides an example of considerations for older adults related to sexuality?
Safe sex practices are not important.
People participate in sexual activity primarily for the purpose of reproduction.
Individuals experiencing weakness or paralysis are not able experience sexual pleasure.
Sexuality should be discussed during visits with the health care team to promote psychosocial health.
Sexuality should be discussed during visits with the health care team to promote psychosocial health.
135
Which statement reflects the relationship between living arrangements and psychosocial health of older adults?
Living arrangements do not affect psychosocial health.
Moving in with family members will improve psychosocial health.
Significant differences in psychosocial health can occur based on living arrangements.
Older adults seldom require support from family or friends when moving into a nursing home.
Significant differences in psychosocial health can occur based on living arrangements.
