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Patho > Week 2 Tissue > Flashcards

Week 2 Tissue Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Hyperplasia
A
  1. Hyperplasia - increase in number of cells in an organ or tissue
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2
Q

Organelles

A 
	Endoplasmic reticulum
	Golgi apparatus
	Lysosome
	Peroxisome
	Mitochondria
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3
Q

Cellular Functions

A
  1. Transportation  passive and active
  2. Ingestion  endocytosis
  3. Secretion  exocytosis
  4. Respiration  aerobic and anaerobic production of ATP
  5. Communication  direct cell-to-cell or hormonal
  6. Reproduction  mitosis and meiosis
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4
Q

Homeostasis

A 
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
•	Includes:
	Temperature
	Blood pressure 
	Blood pH, glucose, electrolytes
	O2
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5
Q

Cell Stressors include:

A
  • Infection – microbial agents
  • Physical agents – trauma, electrical, temperature
  • Radiation – ionizing, nonionizing, UV
  • Chemicals – acid, alkali, toxins
  • drugs, lead, CO, ethanol, mercury
  • Nutritional – excesses or deficiencies
  • Ischemia / infarction – lack of blood supply
  • Immune reaction – auto, allo, allergy
  • Genetic and metabolic disorders
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6
Q

Cellular Response to Stress

A
  1. Atrophy
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Hyperplasia
  4. Metaplasia
  5. Dysplasia
  6. Anaplasia
  7. Intercellular accumulations and storage of products in abnormal amounts
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7
Q

Atrophy

A
  • decrease in size of a cell

• Results in decreased functional capability and size

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8
Q

Atrophy causes include

A
  • Decreases in workload / use
  • Decreases in blood supply (hypoxic / ischemic)
  • Decreases in nutrition (protein)
  • Decreases in hormonal stimulation – testosterone decrease
  • Decreases in nervous system stimulation
  • Old age –
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9
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size
• The increase in size includes an increase in cellular components needed to increase cell function to adapt to work demands
• There is a limit to hypertrophy whereby further increase in tissue mass can no longer compensate for increased demands

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10
Q

Physiological (“normal” or “good”) hypertrophy:

A

 Caused by an increase in workload (skeletal and cardiac muscle with exercise) or hormonal stimulation (breasts during pregnancy)

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11
Q

• Pathological hypertrophy (“abnormal” or “bad”)

A

 Adaptive – myocardial hypertrophy caused by hypertension

 Compensatory – enlargement of cells of remaining kidney if other kidney is removed

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12
Q

Hyperplasia

A
  1. Hyperplasia - increase in number of cells in an organ or tissue
    • Occurs with increased workload or hormonal stimulus
    • Only occurs in tissues with cells that are mitotic
    • ex: epidermal cells, glandular cells, intestinal epithelium
    • Often occurs with hypertrophy
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13
Q

• Examples of hyperplasia:

A

 Hormonal hyperplasia – Compensatory hyperplasia – Pathologic hyperplasia –
 Physiologic hyperplasia

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14
Q

 Hormonal hyperplasia –

A

breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy are due to estrogen stimulation

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15
Q

 Compensatory hyperplasia

A

the regeneration of the liver after partial removal

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16
Q

 Pathologic hyperplasia –

A

excessive estrogen production can lead to endometrial hyperplasia and abnormal menstrual bleeding

17
Q
  1. Metaplasia -
A

reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type within same primary tissue group (epithelial, connective tissue)
• Allows for substitution of cells that are better able to survive the conditions

18
Q

 Pathologic metaplasia –

A

change from ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium in the airways of a smoker

19
Q

Dysplasia -

A

deranged cell growth that leads to changes in size, shape and appearance
• This adaptation serves no specific function, but may be reversible if irritating stimulus is removed
• Some dysplasia can appear due to chronic irritation or inflammation
 Thought to be a precursor to cancer

20
Q

Intracellular Accumulations -

A

buildup of substances that cells cannot immediate used or dispose of
• Can be toxic or harmless, some permanently or temporarily accumulated

21
Q

• Intracellular accumulations include -

A

 Normal substances – lipids, carbohydrates, bilirubin – that are present in abnormal amounts
 Abnormal endogenous products, such as those resulting from errors of metabolism (ex: free radicals)
 Exogenous products, such as environmental agents that cannot be broken down by the cell

22
Q

• Causes of cell stress and injury

A
  • Infection – microbial agents
  • Physical agents – trauma, electrical, temperature
  • Radiation – ionizing, nonionizing, UV
  • Chemicals – acid, alkali, toxins
  • drugs, lead, CO, ethanol, mercury
  • Nutritional – excesses or deficiencies
  • Ischemia/Infarction – lack of blood supply
  • Immune reaction – auto, allo, allergy
  • Genetic and metabolic disorders
23
Q

• Three main mechanisms of cell injury are

A

 Free radical injury
 Hypoxic injury causing ATP depletion and altered membrane permeability
 Impaired Ca2+ homeostasis

24
Q

Free radical injury

A

• Free radicals (oxidants) are highly reactive chemical species
• Mechanism of injury:
 damage of cell membrane, inactivation of enzymes, or damage to DNA
 Defenses against some free radicals are vitamins C and E and beta-carotene (anti-oxidants)

25
Q

Hypoxic cell injury causing ATP depletion

A

• Cells suffer from a lack of oxygen, which interrupts production of ATP
• Well-differentiated cells, such as brain and heart, require large amounts of oxygen; brain cells undergo permanent damage after 4 to 6 minutes of oxygen deprivation
• Mechanism of injury:
 ATP depletion -> shut down of Na+K+ pump and NCX  rise in [Na+]i and [Ca2+]i -> cell swelling and Ca2+ damage -> eventual membrane damage

26
Q

• Causes of hypoxia

A

• Decreased:
 O2 supply (ex: drowning)
 transport of O2 across lung surfaces (ex: pneumonia)
 transport of O2 (ex: anemia, CO poisoning)  hypoxemia
 delivery of O2 (ex: ischemia)
 ability of cell to use O2 for cell respiration (ex: cyanide)

27
Q

Impaired Ca2+ Homeostasis

A

Both free radial injury and hypoxic injury both lead to altered membrane permeability (especially for Na+) and Ca2+ imbalances
• Normally, [Ca2+]i is extremely low
• Calcium can activate enzymes within the cell that could lead to damage
• Phospholipases can break down cell membranes
• Proteases to damage DNA and mitochondria

28
Q

Cell Death

A

• Occurs either by apoptosis or necrosis

29
Q

• Apoptosis

A
  • Apoptosis is controlled (programmed) cell death and is involved in normal cell deletion and renewal
  • occurs when cells are in excess, damaged or aged
  • ex. embryonic development of heart, separation of webbed fingers and toes, virus-infected cells
30
Q

• Necrosis is a

A
  • Necrosis is a pathologic form of cell death resulting from cell injury
  • Cell swelling->  damage to mitochondria and eventual rupture of the cell membrane -> unregulated enzymatic digestion of cell

Patho (3 decks)

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