week 2, viruses and bacteria

Question 1

what is a genome?

Answer 1

1. DNA or RNA
2. single or double stranded
3. linear or circular
4. single or multiple piece

Question 2

what is a capsid?

Answer 2

protein shell

Question 3

what is a capsomere?

Answer 3

the protein subunit of a capsid

Question 4

when a virus is helical it is…

Answer 4

rod-shaped

Question 5

what is the different between an polyhedral virus and a complex virus?

Answer 5

a polyhedral virus is icosahedral while a complex has an icosahedral head and helical tail

Question 6

can allow only parasites to replicate inside host cells

Answer 6

obligate intracellular parasite

Question 7

true or false

viruses gain enzymes for making macromolecules

Answer 7

false

viruses lack enzymes for making macromolecules

Question 8

this limits the number of species a virus can infect

Answer 8

host range

Question 9

what is the lytic cycle?

Answer 9

a replicative cycle that ends in death of a host cell

Question 10

what virus replicates ONLY by the lytic cycle?

Answer 10

virulent

Question 11

when a virus uses lysogenic replicative style…

Answer 11

temperate

Question 12

this type of bacteria defense is when not all cells in a population will have the exact same surface receptor protein to match virus (natural immunity)

Answer 12

genetic diversity

Question 13

what are restriction enzymes?

Answer 13

bacterial enzymes that recognize foreign DNA and cut it

Question 14

CRISPR - cas system

Answer 14

long-term targeted defense against specific viruses

Question 15

what do cas nucleuses do?

Answer 15

search out and cut up any DNA identified in the CRISPR region

Question 16

when bacteria evolves to avoid viral infection and viruses evolves to beat bacterial defenses…

Answer 16

evolutionary arms race

Question 17

this virus has an envelope derived from the host cell

Answer 17

enveloped virus

Question 18

this virus does not have an envelope

Answer 18

naked virus

Question 19

a harmless derivative of a pathogen that stimulates immune system to mount strong defense against it

Answer 19

vaccine

Question 20

an infectious nucleic acid with no protein coat

Answer 20

viroid

Question 21

what is a prion?

Answer 21

infectious self-replicating protein, no nucleic acid

Question 22

small nuclear DNA that can be shared between bacteria

Answer 22

plasmids

no organelles

Question 23

DNA segments that can jump to different sections of the cell’s genome

Answer 23

transposons

Question 24

what are common shapes of bacteria?

Answer 24

coccus, bacillus, spiral (spirochete/spirillum)

Question 25

gram positive bacteria means...

Answer 25

can be stained by crystal violet due to thick peptidoglycan layer

Question 26

gram negative bacteria means...

Answer 26

can not be stained by crystal violet due to extra lipopolysaccharide layer

Question 27

what is a cell wall?

Answer 27

extra layer of peptidoglycan that surrounds cell membrane

Question 28

what is fimbriae

Answer 28

shorter, hair-like extensions to adhere to surfaces

Question 29

a sticky outer layer to adhere to surfaces, defense barrier

Answer 29

capsule

Question 30

what is an endospore?

Answer 30

a tough bacteria spore that can resist damage and remain dormant can survive UV radiation, desiccation, high temp, freezing, chemical disinfectants

Question 31

what are appendages that join bacteria cells to exchange DNA

Answer 31

pili

Question 32

this region of cytosol that contains the chromosomes

Answer 32

nucleoid

Question 33

true or false genetic recombination is horizontal gene transfer

Answer 33

true

Question 34

what is the uptake of foreign DNA from the environment?

Answer 34

transformation

Question 35

what is the uptake of foreign DNA via a virus?

Answer 35

transduction

Question 36

conjugation is when...

Answer 36

DNA transfer between two prokaryotic cells via a pilus

Question 37

how many genes are needed to form a pilus? during the F factor

Answer 37

25

Question 38

factor on a plasmid, can transfer conjugation ability to other cells is called

Answer 38

F Plasmid: F

Question 39

antibiotic resistance is when...

Answer 39

genes that give bacteria ability to survive specific antibiotics

Question 40

"self feeders" make their own food

Answer 40

autotrophs

Question 41

what do heterotrophs do?

Answer 41

"eat others" consume material from living/dead organisms

Question 42

anaerobic method to generare energy

Answer 42

fermentation

Question 43

symbiosis

Answer 43

two different organisms living in close physical association

Question 44

mutualism is when...

Answer 44

both parties benefit

Question 45

commensalism is when...

Answer 45

one benefits, other is unaffected

Question 46

parasitism is when...

Answer 46

one benefits, other is harmed ex. pathogens

Question 47

when chemicals are secreted by the bacteria out of the cell

Answer 47

exotoxin

Question 48

chemicals in cell wall are released when bacteria dies

Answer 48

endotoxin

Question 49

what is opportunistic infection?

Answer 49

commensal bacteria (one benefits, the other is unaffected) that take advantage of an opening ex. staphylococcus aureus - flesh eating bacteria

Question 50

what does MRSA stand for?

Answer 50

methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

Question 51

a major phylum of gram-negative bacteria...

Answer 51

proteobacteria

Question 52

this phylum contains *escherichia* (E. Coli), *salmonella* (stomach flu) and *vibrio* (diarrhea)

Answer 52

proteobacteria

Question 53

this phylum has photosynthesis and carbon fixation

Answer 53

cyanobacteria

Question 54

this phylum contains spiral gram-negative bacteria, *treponema* (syphilis)

Answer 54

spirochete

Question 55

this phylum has extremely small parasites

Answer 55

chlamydiae contains *chlamydia*

Question 56

the phylum firmicutes contains...

Answer 56

endospore forming bacteria

Question 57

*staphylococcus*, *bacillus* and *clostridium* belong to what phylum

Answer 57

firmicutes

Question 58

crenarcheota bacteria are...

Answer 58

thermophile - live at high temp acidophile - live at low pH (in acid)

Question 59

this phylum produces methane from anaerobic fermentation and also live at high salt concentration

Answer 59

euryarchaeota