Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Block 4 Year 3 > Week 20 - fatigue and neck lumps > Flashcards

Week 20 - fatigue and neck lumps Flashcards

(67 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the 2 lineages of hematopoiesis ?

A

myeloid and lymphoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is haematopoiesis ?

A

the process which all mature blood cells are produced from the haematopoietic stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur ?

A

In the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the blood cells that originate from the myeloid linage ?

A
  • neutrophils
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
  • macrophages (monocytes)
  • thrombocytes (platelets)
  • erythrocytes (RBCs)
  • mast cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the blood cells that originate from the lymphoid linage ?

A
  • T lymphocytes
  • B lymphocytes
  • natural killer cells
  • plasma cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does it suggest when ‘blast’ cells are found in the peripheral blood/circulation ?

A

a haematological malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are ‘blast’ cells normally found?

A

in the bone marrow in small quantities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are ‘blast’ cells ?

A

the immature form of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What structures make up the lymphatic system ?

A
  • lymph nodes
  • lymphatic vessels
  • bone marrow + thymus (organs where immune cells develop)
  • spleen
  • organs where immune cells are stored/collect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What renal conditions can cause fever and tiredness?

A

urinary infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What cardiac conditions can cause fever and tiredness?

A
  • pericarditis
  • infective endocarditis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What endocrine conditions can cause fever and tiredness?

A
  • hypo/hyperthyroidism
  • diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What neuro conditions can cause fever and tiredness?

A
  • meningitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What resp conditions can cause fever and tiredness?

A
  • pneumonia
  • covid
  • TB
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What gastro conditions can cause fever and tiredness?

A
  • cholangitis
  • diverticulitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are ‘coryzal symptoms’ ?

A

symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection …
- runny nose
- sneezing
- nasal stuffiness
- sore throat
- cough
etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the ‘B symptoms’ ?

A
  • fever
  • weight loss (>10% body weight)
  • drenching night sweats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is another name for glandular fever ?

A

infectious mononucleosis or “mono”

Epstein-barr virus causes this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are B symptoms signs of ?

A

haematological cancer = lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do malignant nodes usually feel like ?

A

hard, painless and tethered to surrounding structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What could be some differentials for hilar lymphadenopathy on CXR ?

A
  • lymphoma
  • sarcoidosis
  • TB
  • metastatic spread
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the best type of biopsy for diagnosing lymphoma ? why ?

A

complete lymph node excision because the cells are far clearer this way and therefore needle biopsy has a risk of false negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the types of lymphoma ?

A
  1. Hodgkin lymphoma
  2. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (there are several types of this)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the most common type of lymphoma …
a) hodgkin lymphoma ?
b) non-hodgkin lymphoma ?

A

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the difference between lymphoma and leukaemia ?
lymphoma = originates in lymph nodes or spleen and spreads through lymphatic system leukaemia = originates in bone marrow and spreads through the blood stream
26
What are the hallmark tumour cells of Hodgkin lymphoma seen on biopsy called ?
Reed-Sternberg cells
27
What are Reed-Sternnerg cells and what do they indicate ?
large, abnormal lymphocytes with more than one nucleus their presence indicates **hodgkin lymphoma**
28
When staging lymphoma, what do the letters A and B mean ?
the numbers indicate spread of the cancer through the lymphatic system but **the letters A/B refer to whether or not the patient presented with B symptoms** *eg. someone who did have B symptoms would be a stage 1B/2B/3B/4B and someone who didn’t would be stage 1A/2A/3A/4A*
29
What is the name of the A/B staging system in lymphoma ?
Ann Arbor system
30
Are lymph nodes in the neck usually palpable ?
No *unless in children, they often can be!*
31
In terms of shape, what should a healthy lymph node be most similar to… a) a football ? b) a rugby ball ?
rugby ball *they’re quite a similar shape to kidneys!*
32
What size lymph node is clinically relevant in lymphadenopathy?
>1cm in adults >2cm in kids
33
What are the 2 causes of lymphadenopathy ?
- inflammatory *(most common)* - malignancy
34
What are the most common inflammatory causes of cervical lymphadenopathy?
- bacterial/viral infection to scalp, tonsils, teeth, ear etc - TB - HIV
35
Which bacteria is the most common cause of inflammatory cervical lymphadenopathy ?
streptococcus A
36
Which virus is the most common cause of inflammatory cervical lymphadenopathy ?
adenovirus
37
Which types of cancer are most commonly the cause of metastasis to the neck nodes ?
- larynx/pharynx/mouth squamous carcinoma (mucosal membranes) - thyroid cancer - salivary gland cancer - skin cancer (squamous, melanoma)
38
How do you investigate for cervical lymphadenopathy?
- head/neck exam *(baso thyroid exam)* - endoscopy - imaging (USS, CT, MRI, PET) - biopsy
39
What are some red flags in a history presenting with a neck lump that indicate cancer?
- unilateral pain, especially in the ear when swallowing - persistent vocal hoarseness (>3 weeks) - dysphasia (liquids or solids)
40
What are the risk factors for head/neck cancer ?
- smoking - alcohol - HPV - cannabis
41
Which type of head/neck cancer does HPV increase risk of ?
tonsil cancer
42
What level of weight loss is a significant B sign for lymphoma ?
>10% of weight lost in the last 3 months
43
How does a PETCT scan hep in diagnosis of malignancies ?
metabolically active cells take up more of the contrast so shows spread of malignancy *a malignant node will be brighter than any other reactive node due to larger uptake of contrast*
44
What does stage 1 lymphoma mean ?
There is 1 lymph node area affected
45
What does stage 2 lymphoma mean ?
2 lymph node areas involved on the same side of the diaphragm
46
What does stage 3 lymphoma mean ?
lymph node areas affected on both sides of the diaphragm *(above and below)*
47
What does stage 4 lymphoma mean ?
Involvement from extra-nodal tissues eg bone marrow, liver, spleen, lungs
48
What are the causes of hodgkin lymphoma ?
vast majority have no clear cause otherwise some rare cases of… - strong familial link - previous Epstein barr virus infection - person with reduced immunity
49
What is the treatment for hodgkin’s lymphoma ?
chemo therapy
50
What is the prognosis for hodgkin’s lymphoma ?
>80% are cured and relapse after 5 years is rare
51
What is the most common type of non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) ?
Diffuse Large B cell lymphoma
52
How is LDH linked to lymphoma?
a high LDH blood test suggests a rapid growth and a poor prognosis for non-hodgkin’s lymphoma patients *LDH = lactate dehydrogenase*
53
How is Diffuse Large B cell lymphoma treated ?
chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy
54
What can be a bad side effect/ complication of chemotherapy ?
neutropenic sepsis
55
What is the prognosis of Diffuse Large B Cell lymphoma (NHL) ?
50% of patients are cured and relapse is rare after 5 years *(NHL = non-hodgkin’s lymphoma)*
56
What is the second most common type of non/hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) ?
follicular NHL
57
Is follicular non-hodgkin’s lymphoma painful ?
No! it is often painless and therefore not diagnosed for a while
58
What is the prognosis of follicular non-hodgkin’s lymphoma ?
- responds well to treatment but is “incurable” - recurrent relapses - 50% of patients will survive 10yrs post diagnosis
59
How is follicular non-hodgkin’s lymphoma treated ?
chemo or radiotherapy
60
Are the majority of non-hodgkin lymphomas … a) T cell lymphomas ? b) B cell lymphomas ?
B cell lymphomas = vast majority
61
Where are T cell lymphomas predominantly found ?
**in the skin**, can look similar to eczema or psoriasis
62
What type of common examination is important to do for a patient presenting with lymphadenopathy ?
**abdo exam** for hepato-splenomegaly *because the liver and spleen are part of the reticulo-endothelial system*
63
What are the 2 main subgroups of non hodgkin lymphoma ?
- **low grade** = slow growth - **high grade** = rapid growth
64
Which subgroup of non hodgkin lymphomas are more likely to be cured… a) high-grade? b) low grade?
high grade *(rapid growing ones)*
65
Who needs to be present in an MDT discussing a patient with lymphoma ?
- **a haematologist** - **a clinical oncologist** *to give advice on radiotherapy* - **a radiologist** *to interpret scans* - **a specialist histopathologist** *to review biopsy* - **a specialist nurse**
66
What advice is given to women of child bearing age when going through standard ABVD chemo for lymphoma ?
- fertility will remain intact - periods may be disrupted during treatment - don’t get pregnant during/6 months after treatment - delay pregnancy until 2 years post diagnosis if possible *as this is the most likely period for recurrence*
67
What are some long term/late side effects of treatment for hodgkin’s lymphoma ?
depending on treatment, patients should know there’s a risk of - second cancers - cardiac issues - hormonal issues especially if they do not stop smoking

Block 4 Year 3 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions