Week 23 - endocrine Flashcards
(39 cards)
What is C peptide ?
a by-product of insulin synthesis
used to measure endogenous insulin production
What is C peptide used to measure ?
endogenous insulin production
because it is a by-product of insulin synthesis in pancreas
Where is ADH produced ?
posterior pituitary
Where is LH produced ?
anterior pituitary
Where is growth hormone (GH) produced ?
anterior pituitary
Where is prolactin produced ?
anterior pituitary
Where is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) produced ?
anterior pituitary
Which of these is not a function of glucagon …
a) gluconeogenesis ?
b) glycolysis ?
c) glycogenolysis ?
glucagon inhibits glycolysis
which conditions are associated with graves’ disease ?
- T1DM
- alopecia areata
- vitiligo
What can cause candidal balanitis
- diabetes
- oral antibiotics
- poor hygiene in uncircumcised males
- immunosuppression (inc. HIV infection)
What does candidal balanitis present like?
- swollen and tender glans penis
- thick white exudate/discharge under foreskin
- erythema under foreskin
what result of a random glucose test in a patient with polyuria would be diagnostic of diabetes ?
random blood glucose of 14 in a patient with polyuria
what result of a fasting glucose test in a patient with polyuria would be diagnostic of diabetes ?
a fasting glucose test of 7.2 in a patient with polyuria
what result of a random glucose test in a patient with no symptoms would be diagnostic of diabetes ?
a fasting glucose test of 12 in a patient with no symptoms, repeated found to be 11.5
what is the diagnostic criteria for diabetes regarding blood glucose testing ?
a blood glucose result of
- fasting 7+
- random 11.1+
in symptomatic patients
if asymptomatic then above criteria must be met on 2 separate occasions
what is the diagnostic criteria for diabetes regarding HbA1c testing ?
HbA1c of 48 or more in symptomatic patients
if asymptomatic then a second HbA1c is required and 2 consecutive tests of 48+ is diagnostic
what age range can you not use HbA1c as diagnostic criteria for diabetes ?
younger than 18
What are the hall mark symptoms of T2DM?
- tiredness
- polyuria/polydipsia
- recurrent infection e.g thrush
- unintentional weight loss
- blurred vision (retinopathy)
- foot ulcers/sores (neuropathy)
- acanthosis nigricans (dark skin in armpits/neck due to insulin resistance)
What are the symptoms of hyperglycaemia ?
- increased thirst (polydipsia)
- increased urine frequency/urgency
- weight loss
- tiredness
What is the main hyperglycaemic emergency seen in T1DM ?
DKA
What is the main hyperglycaemic emergency seen in T2DM ?
hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state
What are there risk factors for developing T2DM ?
- Fx
- obesity (truncal distribution)
- poor diet (high in sugar and fat)
- inactivity
- age >45
- high lipid levels
- ethnicity (not caucasian)
- history of gestational diabetes
- PCOS (can cause insulin resistance)
what is checked at an annual diabetic review ?
- blood sugars
- HbA1c
- cholesterol
- blood pressure
- urine
- eye tests
- foot examination
- height and weight
When is medication considered in T2DM ?
if lifestyle measures aren’t helping HbA1c get lower than 48
(HbA1c checked every 3-6 months)
