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Epithelial > week 20 upper GI (mouth) > Flashcards

week 20 upper GI (mouth) Flashcards

1
Q

how is the upper GI tract separated

A

sphincters

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2
Q

what is the natural pH of the stomach

A

2

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3
Q

what are the three parts that make up the small Intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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4
Q

what are the 4 funtions of the GI tract

A

motility
secretion
digestion
absorption
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5
Q

how many functions are there in the GI tract

A

4

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6
Q

what does motility allow

A

movement of food mostly by action of smooth muscle

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7
Q

what does secretion allow

A

from the GI tract itself or from accessory organs as a result of stimuli (food, hormonal or neural)

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8
Q

what does digestion allow?

A

chemical breakdown of food by enzymatic digestion and mechanical breakdown of food

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9
Q

what does absorption allow

A

transfer of absorbable products of digestion into the blood or lymph to allow these simple chemical structures to facilitate cellular metabolism

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10
Q

how many layers are there in the basic epithelium in the GI tract

A

4

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11
Q

what are the 4 layers in the basic epithelium (innermost to outermost)

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

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12
Q

what is the mucosa responsible for

A

protection
secretion
absorption

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13
Q

what is the submucosa responsible for

A

secretion
absorption
contains Meissner plexus in places

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14
Q

what is the muscularis externa responsible for

A

motility (peristalsis)

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15
Q

where is the serosa located

A

it is not present in all arts of the GI tract

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16
Q

what is the histogram structure of the mucosa

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

within the histogram of the mucosa, what is the other structure that is present

A

muscularis mucosa and lamina propria

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18
Q

what layer forms a continuous sheet along the length of the GI tract

A

mucosa

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19
Q

what is the type of muscle cell exhibited on muscularis and lamina propria

A

smooth muscle cells connective tissue

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20
Q

in submucosa 2 separate muscle layers are separated by what

A

plexus (nerve cells)

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21
Q

in the muscularis externa - the inner and out layer are at what angle to eachother

A

perpendicular (90)

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22
Q

the submucosa contains the c_____

A

crypt

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23
Q

in the submucosa, what does the crypt do

A

contains cells that contain secretions for digestion and mucus and secretes products that are protective in some way

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24
Q

serosa has what kind of tissue

A

connective tissue and sometimes has squamous epithelium

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25
Q

what is the function of the serosa

A

anchors organs and tubes in place
provides general support to organs and tubes

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26
Q

what are the three routes of innervation from the autonomic nervous system

A

enteric NS
Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS

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27
Q

what is the role of the Enteric Nervous system

A

plexi of neurons that innervate the GI tract to mediate muscle layers and provide sensory information about the state of the GI tract

28
Q

what nerve controls the function of the sympathetic nervous system

A

splanchnic nerves

29
Q

what nerve controls the function of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

vagus nerves (CN X)

30
Q

what nerves control the function of the enteric nervous system

A

mesissner plexus
myenteric plexus

31
Q

the meissner plexus is important for what

A

provides sensory info to relay to the brain
(if there are boluses or if there is contration)

32
Q

the myenteric plexus is important for what

A

controlling function of muscularis externa
modulates function of the GI tract

33
Q

first part of the GI tract is responsible for what

A

ingestion
mastication (chewing)
digestion
deglutition (swallowing)

34
Q

the oral cavity contains glands important for what

A

sterilisation and digestion

35
Q

what is the tongue responsible for

A

moves food during mastication
skeletal muscle fibres in 3 planes to allow finer control of motor movements

36
Q

the tongue is covered in specialised ______ which induces what

A

mucosa
which induces salivary glands and taste buds

37
Q

taste buds detect _ different tastes

A

5

38
Q

salty and sour have what kind of activation

A

ion channel

39
Q

sweet, bitter, and umami have what kind of activation

A

GPCR

40
Q

what is the epithelial structure of the tongue

A

keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

41
Q

what are salivary glands responsible for

A

serous fluid production

42
Q

what is serous fluid responsible for

A

lubricates mouth, aids in initial digestion of carbohydrtaes and lipids

43
Q

what are the three glands that secrete the majority of serous fluid

A

sublingual
submandibular
parotid

44
Q

what does the sublingual secrete

A

mixed serous fluid and mucous solution

45
Q

what does the submandibular secrete

A

mixed serous and mucous solution

46
Q

what does the parotid secrete

A

serous fluid

47
Q

what NS is in control of salivating at rest

A

parasympathetic

48
Q

what are the proteins present from the salivary glands

A

lactoferrin
lysozyme
IgA

49
Q

what are the enzymes present from the salivary glands

A

amylase
lipase

50
Q

proteins secreted from salivary glands help protect what structure

A

teeth

51
Q

lactoferrin has what properties

A

anitmicrobial

52
Q

lysozyme has what properties

A

anti bacterial

53
Q

IgA has what properties

A

anti viral and anti bacterial

54
Q

what is the role od amylase

A

digests carbohydrates and breaks down sugar structures

55
Q

what is the role of lipase

A

digests lipase and begins digestion

56
Q

the three glands are innervated by what cranial nerves

A

VII and X

57
Q

the swallowing reflex can be either _______– or _________________

A

voluntary or involuntrary

58
Q

once mastication is complete the tongue moves food to where

A

oropharynx

59
Q

what stimulates the swallowing complex

A

once the tongue has moved food to the oropharynx

60
Q

how many stages are there in swallowing

A

3

61
Q

what are the three phases in swallowing

A

oral preparatory phase
pharyngeal phase
oesophageal phase

62
Q

what occurs in the preparatory phase (voluntary/involuntary)

A

pushes bolus towards pharynx
once bolus touches pharyngeal wall, pharyngeal phase begins
voluntary

63
Q

what constitutes the end of the oral preparatory phase and the beginning of the pharyngeal phase

A

once the bolus touches the pharyngeal wall

64
Q

what occurs in the pharyngeal phase (voluntary/involuntary)

A

soft palate seals of nasopharynx
pharyngeal constrictors push bolus downwards
larynx elevates, closing epiglottis
vocal cord adducts (protecting airway) and breathing temporarily
opening of the upper oesophageal sphincter
involuntary

65
Q

what occurs in the oesophageal phase (voluntary/involuntary)

A

closure of the upper oesophageal sphincter
peristatic wave carries bolus downwards into oesophagus
incoluntary

Epithelial (12 decks)

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