Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 2 - Medicine > Week 209 - IBS/Constipation > Flashcards

Week 209 - IBS/Constipation Flashcards

1
Q

Which Portacaval anastomosis will result in Anorectal Varices?

A

Superior Rectal Veins draining via Middle+Inferior Rectal Veins directly into systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which Portacaval anastomosis will result in Caput Medusae?

A

Paraumbilical Veins draining via Superior epigastric veins directly into systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which Portacaval anastomosis will result in Oesophageal Varices?

A

Left Gastric Vein draining via the azygous directly into systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which Portacaval anastomosis will result in Ascites?

A

R, L and Middle Colic Veins draining via Paravertebral, Renal, Gonadal, Adrenal, Paravertebral Veins into the systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which Portacaval anastomosis will result in Splenomegally?

A

Portal Vein will directly drain into the IVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where do Secondary Metastases from Colon Cancers end up?

A

Liver

Paraaortic Lymph Nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a Carcinoid Tumour?

A

Tumour of Endocrine Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Carcinoid Syndrome?

A

Bronchial wheezing, Skin Flushing & Diarrhoea caused by 5-HT (serotonin) release by a Carcinoid Tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are Peyer’s Patches found?

A

Terminal Ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the Myenteric Plexus supply in the Gut?

A

Motor to Longitudinal & Circular Muscle

Secretomotor to mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the Myenteric Plexus supply in the Gut?

A

Motor to Muscularis Mucosae

Mucosal Receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which transmitters have a Stimulatory effect on the colon?

A

ACh & Substance P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which transmitters have an Inhibitory effect on the colon?

A

VIP & NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What Neuromuscular Disease can give rise to Constipation?

A

Spinal Cord Lesions

Hirschsprung’s Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What Metabolic Disease can give rise to Constipation?

A 
Diabetes
Hypothyroidism - slow transit+motility
Hypercalcaemia
Hypokalaemia
Phaeochromocytoma
Uraemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What drugs can give constipation?

A 
Opiates
Iron
Ganglion-blockers
Non magnesium antacids
Calcium-channel blockers
Inadequate thyroid supplementation
Anticholinergic
Many psycotropic drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What innervation does the Internal Sphincter have?

A

Only Autonomic (i.e. involuntary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the possible causes of Faecal Incontinence (categories)?

A

Neurogenic incontinence
Myogenic incontinence
Combination of both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the possible causes of Obstructed Defaecation Syndrome (ODS)?

A

Rectocoele
Rectal Intussusception
Anismus
Idiopathic megarectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What effects does Sacral Neuromodulation (SNS) have?

A 
Increases propagated (ante grade) colonic contractions
Normalises pathologies/physiologies common to both continence & constipation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the two causes of Constipation?

A 
Functional Constipation (aka Primary)
Organic Constipation (aka Secondary) - e.g. due to drug or medical condition
22
Q

What are the Rome criteria for constipation?

A

Bowel movements <3 times a week

23
Q

What CNS diseases can give constipation?

A

Parkinson’s Disease
Multiple Sclerosis
CVA
Spinal Injury

24
Q

What is the Colonic Transit Study?

A 
Pt takes one capsule daily for 3 days
X-ray on day 5
If <5 remain = normal
Most rings SCATTERED= hypomotility
Most rings in rectosigmoid = Outlet obstruction
25
Which laxatives should be offered first for constipation?
1) Bulk-forming laxative 2) If stools still hard, Osmotic Laxative 3) If stools soft but person still finds them hard to pass, stimulant laxative
26
Give some examples and the action of BULK-FORMING LAXATIVES
Ispaghulahusk, methylcellulose | Retain fluid, increasing faecal mass -> Stimulate Peristalsis
27
Give some examples and the action of OSMOTIC LAXATIVES
Lactulose, Macrogols | Increase fluid in large bowel (soften + stim. peristalsis)
28
Give some examples and the action of STIMULANT LAXATIVES
Peristalsis by stimulating colonic nerves (Senna) | Or Colonic & Rectal Nerves (Bisacodyl, sodium picosulfate)
29
How should you treat constipation?
1) Adjust any constipating medication 2) Advise about exercise, fluid intake, dietary fibre 3) Offer oral laxatives
30
How do you manage Pain in IBS?
Antispasmodics Anticholinergics (dicyclomine/hyoscine) Antimuscarinic agents (mebeverine/alverine citrate) Peppermint oil (Colpermin)
31
Which antidepressants are likely to give DIARRHOEA as a side-effect?
Amitryptyline Imipramine Clomipramine
32
Which antidepressants are likely to give CONSTIPATION as a side-effect?
Citalopram Sertaline Paroxetine Fluoxetine
33
What effect do Probiotics have in IBS?
Improvement in symptoms - including pain and bloating
34
What is Lubiprostone?
A selective C-2 chloride channel activator that stimulates water secretion into the lumen
35
What is Prucalopride?
Selective Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Agonist | Stimulates Peristalsis
36
What is a Fistula?
Abnormal Tract between two epithelial or endothelial lined surfaces
37
What autoimmune conditions can affect the large bowel?
Microscopic Colitis | either Collagenous colitis or lymphocytic colitis
38
Which areas of the bowel does Ulcerative Colitis affect?
Colon & Rectum Crypt Abscesses Commonest cause of bloody diarrhoea
39
Which areas of the bowel does Crohn's Disease affect?
Mouth to Anus | Full thickness of wall involved, "cobblestone appearance"
40
What viruses can affect the colon?
CMV
41
What protozoal infections can affect the colon?
Amoebiasis (entamoeba histolytica)
42
What is Hirschsprung's Disease?
Congenital aganglionic megacolon No ganglion cells in submucosal & myenteric plexuses Enlarged dilated proximal large bowel because of obstruction
43
What effects on the bowel will Thyroid Disease have?
Hyperthyroidism - ↓Gut motility + Diarrhoea | Hypothyroidism - Constipation
44
What is FAP?
Most commonly mutation in APC Autosomal Dominant Multiple Adenomas Develop Adenocarcinoma of colon
45
What are the imaging modalities for Colorectal Cancers?
``` Ultrasound Barium Enema CT CT Colonography MRI ```
46
What are the advantages of CT Colonography?
Quicker and less technically demanding than either colonoscopy pr barium enema
47
What is good and bad about Endo-Rectal USS?
Great for T1-T4 Large Bulky Tumours = not so good Painful Tumours = not so good
48
What are the possible PRIMARY CAUSES of Constipation?
Never Learnt Dysmotility Mechanical (e.g. ODS)
49
What are the possible SECONDARY CAUSES of Constipation?
Obstruction Drugs Metabolic
50
What are the possible Surgical Options for dysmotility?
Colectomy & IRA (ileo-rectal anastomoses) SNS ACE (Anterograde colonic enema)
51
What are the operations that can help with rectal prolapse?
Open rectopexy - mesh put in front | Perineal procedure - stitched up

Year 2 - Medicine (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions