Week 2.2.1: Recognising the Self

Question 1

Perceptions without external stimuli.

Ex. Imagine hearing someone call your name when no one is around.

Answer 1

Hallucinations

Question 2

Strongly held false beliefs.

Ex. Believing you have superpowers despite evidence to the contrary.

Answer 2

Delusions

Question 3

Abnormal movement and behavior arising from a disturbed mental state.

Ex. Sitting motionless for hours or repeating the same movement over and over.

Answer 3

Catatonia

Question 4

Excessive emotional or physical activity.

Ex. Being excessively energetic or agitated without a clear reason.

Answer 4

Overexcitement

Question 5

Slowing down of mental and physical activities.

Ex. Taking longer to respond to questions or having slowed physical movements

Answer 5

Retardation

Question 6

Perceptions of sound (usually voices) without an external source. Common in most patients with psychosis. Often unpleasant and distressing.

Impact: Up to 25% of patients with auditory hallucinations may attempt suicide.

Treatment Challenges: Current treatments are not fully effective, with about one-third of patients not responding to treatment.

Answer 6

Auditory Hallucinations

Question 7

When a condition does not respond to treatment.

Answer 7

Refractory

Question 8

Proposes that auditory hallucinations occur because individuals with schizophrenia lose awareness of their own inner speech, leading them to perceive their thoughts as external voices.

Answer 8

Inner Speech Hypothesis

Question 9

Suggests that auditory hallucinations are caused by spontaneous firing in the auditory cortex, similar to seizures in epilepsy.

Answer 9

Spontaneous Firing Hypothesis

Question 10

The internal monologue or thoughts that occur in words within our minds.

Answer 10

Inner Speech

Question 10

A technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. Active brain regions consume more oxygen, leading to increased blood flow.

Answer 10

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Question 11

Horizontal slices of the brain, viewed from above.

Answer 11

Axial Slice

Question 12

To cause confusion or interfere with the results of an experiment.

Answer 12

Confound

Question 13

A signal or prompt that triggers a specific response or action.

Answer 13

Cue

Question 14

The time lag between a stimulus (e.g., light flash) and the brain’s response, typically 2-6 seconds.

Answer 14

Delay in Brain Response

Question 15

Increased activity in the hearing parts of the brain during hallucinations.

Answer 15

Auditory Cortex Activation

Question 16

Increased activity in the speech generation area during hallucinations.

Answer 16

Inferior Frontal Gyrus (Broca’s Area) Activation

Question 17

Involved in auditory processing and speech perception.

Answer 17

Superior Temporal Gyrus

Question 18

Involved in monitoring motor movements.

Answer 18

Cerebellum

Question 19

Responds to novelty or unexpected events.

Answer 19

Parahippocampal Gyrus

Question 20

A neural mechanism that helps distinguish self-generated actions (like inner speech) from external stimuli

Answer 20

Corollary Discharge Signal

Question 21

An MRI technique used to visualize white matter fibers that connect different parts of the brain

Answer 21

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

Question 22

Bundles of myelinated axons that facilitate communication between different brain regions

Answer 22

White Matter Fibers

Question 23

A major white matter tract that connects the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

Answer 23

Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (SLF)

Question 24

In the context of brain networks refers to the quality and robustness of the connections between different brain regions.

Answer 24

Integrity

Question 25

Generally good for brain health and cognitive function. In Hallucinations: Can contribute to the misinterpretation of inner speech, leading to auditory hallucinations

Answer 25

High Integrity