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2nd Term / PHA115 > Week 27 / Reproductive system 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Week 27 / Reproductive system 3 & 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Q: What are the essential organs in female reproduction?
[what are the organs ?
What do they produce?
]

A

A: The gonads (ovaries), which produce sex cells (ova).

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2
Q

Q: What are the accessory organs of reproduction?
[3]

A

A: The uterine tubes (fallopian tubes or oviducts),
uterus,
and vagina.

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3
Q

Q: What are the sex glands in female reproduction?

A

A: The glands in the breasts.

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4
Q

Q: What are the external organs of female reproduction?

A

A: The vulva or pudendum.

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5
Q

Q: What do the ovaries produce? [5]

A

A: The ovaries
produce secondary oocytes,
progesterone,
oestrogen (female sex hormones)
, inhibin, and
relaxin.

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6
Q

Q: What is the function of the uterine tubes? [1]

A

A: The uterine tubes transport secondary oocytes to the uterus

are normally the site where fertilization occurs.

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7
Q

Q: What is the role of the uterus? [2]

A

A: The uterus is the site of implantation of the fertilized ovum,

development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor.

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8
Q

Q: What is the function of the vagina?

A

A: The vagina receives the penis during intercourse and is the passageway for childbirth.

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9
Q

Q: What do the mammary glands do?

A

A: The mammary glands synthesize, secrete, and eject milk for the nourishment of newborns.

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10
Q

Q: What is the structure and location of the ovaries?

A

The ovaries are paired glands weighing about 3g each.

They resemble large almonds.

They are attached to ligaments in the pelvic cavity on each side of the uterus.

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11
Q

Q: What is the germinal epithelium in the ovary?

A

A: The germinal epithelium covers the surface of the ovary.

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12
Q

Q: What is the tunica albuginea in the ovary?

A

A: The tunica albuginea is irregular connective tissue beneath the germinal epithelium.

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13
Q

Q: What does the ovarian cortex contain?
[what does it contain ?
what is it surrounded by ?
]

A

A: The ovarian cortex contains connective tissue with follicles surrounded by fibers and fibroblasts (stromal cells).

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14
Q

Q: What is a follicle in the ovary made up of?
[ [2] , what does the second thing do?]

A

A: A follicle is made up of an oocyte (egg cell) and surrounding cells.

These surrounding cells nourish the oocyte and secrete estrogen as the follicle grows.

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14
Q

Q: What happens in ovulation with the mature (Graafian) follicle?

A

A: The mature (Graafian) follicle is ready to rupture and expel the secondary oocyte during ovulation.

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15
Q

Q: What is the corpus luteum and what does it produce [3], until it ?

[After ovulation what does corpus luteum contain?

what does it produce [3], until it ?]

A

A: After ovulation, the corpus luteum contains remnants of the mature follicle.

It produces progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin until it degenerates into a fibrous scar called the corpus albicans.

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16
Q

Q: What is oogenesis?

A

A: Oogenesis is the formation of gametes (egg cells) in the ovaries.

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17
Q

Q: How do germ cells become oogonia?

A

A: Germ cells from the yolk sac migrate to the ovary and become potential egg cells called oogonia.

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18
Q

Q: What happens to oogonia in the fetus?
[how are they produced?
whats the process of degeneration called?]

A

A: In the fetus, millions of oogonia are produced by mitosis, but most of them degenerate through a process called atresia.

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19
Q

Q: What happens to some oogonia during fetal development?

A

A: Some oogonia develop into immature egg cells called primary oocytes during fetal development.

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20
Q

Q: How many primary oocytes are present at birth?

Q: How many primary oocytes remain at puberty?

Q: How many oocytes mature during a woman’s reproductive life?

Q: What happens each month with primary oocytes?

A

A: There are between 200,000 to 2 million primary oocytes present at birth.

A: About 40,000 primary oocytes remain at puberty.

A: Only about 400 oocytes mature during a woman’s reproductive life.

A: Each month, about 20 primary oocytes become secondary oocytes, but usually, only one survives to be ovulated from the Graafian follicle.

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21
Q

Q: When does the second division of oogenesis occur?

A

A: The second division only occurs if the secondary oocyte is fertilized.

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22
Q

Q: What are the results of the second division in oogenesis?

A

A: The second division results in

one large fertilized egg (ovum) with n=23 chromosomes
and
one small second polar body with n=23 chromosomes.

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23
Q

Q: What is the outcome of oogenesis? [2]

A

A: Oogenesis results in

one large fertilized egg (zygote)
and
possibly three small polar bodies.

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24
Q: What is the starting cell in oogenesis?
A: Oogenesis starts with a 2n=46 primary oocyte.
25
Q: How many divisions do egg-forming cells (oocytes) undergo?
A: Egg-forming cells (oocytes) undergo two divisions: primary and secondary.
26
Q: How does the primary oocyte divide in oogenesis? [what does it divide into?]
A: The primary oocyte divides into two n=23 cells, one of which is a large secondary oocyte and the other is a small first polar body, which may also divide.
27
Q: What is the structure and length of the oviducts? [where does it extend to?]
A: The oviducts are narrow, 4-inch (10 cm) tubes that extend from the ovary to the uterus.
28
Q: What is the infundibulum in the oviduct?
A: The infundibulum is the open, funnel-shaped portion near the ovary.
29
Q: What are fimbriae in the oviduct?
A: Fimbriae are moving, finger-like processes that sweep the secondary oocyte into the oviduct.
30
Q: What is the ampulla in the oviduct?
A: The ampulla is the central region of the oviduct.
31
Q: What is the isthmus in the oviduct?
A: The isthmus is the narrowest portion of the oviduct and joins the uterus.
32
Q: How long does it take for the zygote to reach the uterus?
A: The zygote reaches the uterus in approximately 7 days.
32
Q: How does the secondary oocyte move through the oviduct?
A: The fimbriae sweep the secondary oocyte into the oviduct, and the oocyte is moved by the cilia lining the wall of the tube.
33
Q: What are the functions of the uterus? [2]
A: The uterus is responsible for maintaining the fetus during development and expelling the fetus at the end of pregnancy. It is also the site of menstruation.
34
Q: What are the approximate dimensions of the uterus?
A: The uterus is about 3 inches long, 2 inches wide, and 1 inch thick.
35
Q: How is the uterus subdivided? [3]
A: The uterus is subdivided into the fundus, body, and cervix.
36
Q: What is found inside the uterus?
A: The interior of the uterus contains the uterine cavity, which is accessed by the cervical canal.
37
Q: What are the functions of the uterus in relation to sperm and implantation? [2]
A: The uterus serves as a pathway for sperm and is the site of implantation for a fertilized egg.
38
Q: What is the fundus of the uterus?
A: The fundus is the dome-shaped area located above the uterine tubes.
39
Q: What is the body of the uterus?
A: The body is the tapering central portion of the uterus.
40
Q: What is the cervix of the uterus?
A: The cervix is the narrow opening of the uterus that leads into the vagina.
41
Q: What is the uterine cavity?
A: The uterine cavity is the interior of the body of the uterus.
42
Q: What is the function of the vagina?
A: The vagina serves as a pathway for sperm, a passageway for the delivery of a baby from the uterus, and an outlet for menstrual flow.
43
Q: What is the length and structure of the vagina?
A: The vagina is a 10 cm (4 in.) fibrous muscular canal lined with mucous membrane.
44
Q: What is the fornix in the vagina?
A: The fornix is a recess that surrounds the cervix.
45
Q: How does the vaginal environment prevent bacterial growth?
A: The vagina has an acidic environment that prevents bacterial growth.
46
Q: What is the smooth muscular layer of the vagina responsible for?
A: The smooth muscular layer of the vagina adjusts for intercourse or childbirth.
47
Q: What is the hymen?
A: The hymen is a thin membrane fold that can cover the vaginal orifice.
48
Q: What is the vulva?
A: The vulva is the collective term for the female external genitalia.
49
Q: What is the mons pubis?
A: The mons pubis is an elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and pubic hair, located anterior to the vaginal and urethral openings.
49
Q: What are the labia minora and labia majora?
A: The labia minora and labia majora are skin folds that surround the vaginal and urethral openings.
50
Q: Where is the clitoris located?
A: The clitoris is a small erotic structure located at the anterior end of the folds of the labia minora.
51
Q: What are mammary glands?
A: Mammary glands are modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands.
52
Q: What is the nipple?
A: The nipple is a pigmented projection with openings that allow milk to be ejected.
53
Q: What is the areola?
A: The areola is the area that surrounds the nipple.
54
Q: What is the internal structure of the mammary gland? [how many lobes? what are divided into? what do they contain? ]
A: Internally, the mammary gland has 15-20 lobes, each subdivided into lobules, which contain alveoli—milk-secreting glands.
55
Q: When do mammary glands mature?
A: Mammary glands mature at puberty.
55
Q: What are suspensory (Cooper’s) ligaments?
A: Suspensory (Cooper’s) ligaments suspend the breast from the deep fascia of the pectoral muscles.
56
Q: What is the function of the mammary gland?
A: The function of the mammary gland is the synthesis, secretion, and ejection of milk, a process called lactation, which is associated with pregnancy and childbirth.
57
Q: What is the role of oestrogens in the breast?
A: Oestrogens develop the duct system in the breasts.
58
Q: What is the role of oxytocin in lactation?
A: Oxytocin stimulates milk ejection from the alveoli.
59
Q: What is the role of prolactin in lactation?
A: Prolactin stimulates milk synthesis in the alveoli.
59
Q: What is the role of progesterone in the breast?
A: Progesterone develops the milk-secreting glands in the breast, which are called alveoli.
60
Q: What are the dominant female sex hormones? [what are they produced by?]
A: The dominant female sex hormones are oestrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries.
61
Q: What happens at puberty regarding hormone production?
A: At puberty, hormone production surges, triggering sexual maturation and the development of secondary sex characteristics.
61
Q: How is sex hormone production during fetal development, infancy, and childhood?
A: During fetal development, infancy, and childhood, sex hormone production is low.
62
Q: What is the role of sex hormones from puberty to menopause? [what do sex hormones control?, how are they produced?]
A: From puberty to menopause, sex hormones control the menstrual cycle and are produced cyclically.
62
Q: What role do androgens play in women?
A: Androgens are produced in small amounts by the ovaries and adrenals and have important functions in women.
62
Q: How do sex hormones behave during pregnancy?
A: During pregnancy, sex hormones are produced in higher levels by the placenta and inhibit ovulation.
63
Q: What is one of the local effects of oestrogen on the ovaries? Q: How does oestrogen affect the reproductive tract? Q: What are the effects of oestrogen on the fallopian tubes? Q: What are the effects of oestrogen on the uterus? Q: What is the effect of oestrogen on the vagina? Q: How does oestrogen affect external genitalia during puberty? Q: What effect does oestrogen have on breast growth during puberty? Q: How does oestrogen affect female body configuration during puberty? Q: What is the effect of oestrogen on sebum production? Q: How does oestrogen affect bone growth? Q: What are the vascular effects of oestrogen? Q: How does oestrogen affect the hypothalamus and pituitary gland? Q: How does oestrogen affect prolactin secretion? Q: What is the protective effect of oestrogen against atherosclerosis?
A: Oestrogen stimulates the growth of the ovaries and follicles. A: Oestrogen stimulates the growth of smooth muscle and the proliferation of epithelial linings in the reproductive tract. A: Oestrogen increases contractions and ciliary activity in the fallopian tubes. A: Oestrogen increases myometrial contractions, responsiveness to oxytocin, stimulates secretion of watery cervical mucus, and prepares the endometrium for progesterone by inducing progesterone receptors. A: Oestrogen increases the layering of epithelial cells in the vagina. A: Oestrogen stimulates the growth of external genitalia, particularly during puberty. A: Oestrogen stimulates breast growth, particularly the ducts and fat deposition during puberty. A: Oestrogen stimulates the development of a female body configuration, including narrow shoulders, broad hips, and female fat distribution on the hips and breasts. A: Oestrogen stimulates fluid secretion from lipid (sebum-producing) skin glands, which helps oppose the acne-producing effects of androgens. A: Oestrogen stimulates bone growth and the ultimate cessation of bone growth (closure of epiphyseal plates). It also protects against osteoporosis but does not have an anabolic effect on skeletal muscle. A: Oestrogen has vascular effects, and a deficiency can produce "hot flashes." A: Oestrogen has feedback effects on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland. A: Oestrogen stimulates prolactin secretion but inhibits prolactin’s milk-inducing action on the breasts. A: Oestrogen protects against atherosclerosis by affecting plasma cholesterol, blood vessels, and blood clotting.
64
Q: What is the effect of progesterone on the endometrium? Q: How does progesterone affect cervical mucus? Q: What is the effect of progesterone on the fallopian tubes and myometrium? Q: How does progesterone affect vaginal epithelial cells? Q: What is the effect of progesterone on breast growth? Q: How does progesterone affect prolactin’s milk-inducing effects? Q: What are the feedback effects of progesterone on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary? Q: How does progesterone affect body temperature?
A: Progesterone converts the oestrogen-primed endometrium into an actively secreting tissue suitable for embryo implantation. A: Progesterone induces thick, sticky cervical mucus. A: Progesterone decreases contractions of the fallopian tubes and myometrium. A: Progesterone decreases the proliferation of vaginal epithelial cells. A: Progesterone stimulates breast growth, particularly the glandular tissue. A: Progesterone inhibits the milk-inducing effects of prolactin. A: Progesterone has feedback effects on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. A: Progesterone increases body temperature.
64
Q: What does the hypothalamus secrete in the female reproductive system?
A: The hypothalamus secretes GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone).
65
Q: What does the anterior pituitary release in response to GnRH?
A: The anterior pituitary releases FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) and LH (Luteinizing Hormone).
66
Q: What is the effect of FSH and LH on the ovaries?
A: FSH and LH stimulate the ovaries to produce oestrogen and progesterone.
67
Q: What is the menstrual cycle?
A: The menstrual cycle refers to regular changes in the uterine lining, resulting in monthly bleeding.
68
Q: What is menarche?
A: Menarche is the first menstrual period.
69
Q: What is menopause?
A: Menopause is the termination of the menstrual cycle due to the normal aging of the ovaries.
70
Q: What does the anterior pituitary release first during the reproductive cycle?
A: The anterior pituitary first releases FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone).
71
Q: What does the anterior pituitary release after FSH?
A: After FSH, the anterior pituitary releases LH (Luteinizing Hormone).
72
Q: What happens to the ovarian follicle during the reproductive cycle?
A: The ovarian follicle matures and secretes oestrogen.
73
Q: How does oestrogen affect the reproductive cycle?
A: Oestrogen triggers ovulation and causes the uterine lining to thicken, becoming more vascular and glandular.
74
Q: What happens to the follicular cells after ovulation?
A: The follicular cells become the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone.
75
Q: What controls the uterine (menstrual) cycle?
A: The uterine (menstrual) cycle is controlled by hormones from the ovary.
75
Q: What is the role of estrogens in the uterine cycle?
A: Estrogens promote the growth of the endometrium.
76
Q: What is the role of progesterone in the uterine cycle?
A: Progesterone supports the endometrium for implantation.
77
Q: What is the combination of the ovarian and uterine cycles called?
A: The combination of the ovarian and uterine cycles is called the reproductive cycle.
78
Q: What does the hypothalamus secrete to start the reproductive process?
A: The hypothalamus secretes GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone).
79
Q: How does GnRH reach the anterior pituitary?
A: GnRH travels through the hypothalamo-pituitary portal vessels to reach the anterior pituitary.
80
Q: What does the anterior pituitary secrete in response to GnRH?
A: The anterior pituitary secretes LH (Luteinizing Hormone).
81
Q: What happens during the LH surge?
A: The LH surge triggers ovulation.
82
Q: What occurs in the ovary after ovulation?
A: The corpus luteum forms in the ovary and starts secreting large amounts of estrogen and progesterone.
83
Q: What does the hypothalamus secrete during the luteal phase?
A: The hypothalamus secretes GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone).
84
Q: How does GnRH reach the anterior pituitary?
A: GnRH travels through the hypothalamo-pituitary portal vessels to the anterior pituitary.
85
Q: What does the anterior pituitary secrete in response to GnRH during the luteal phase?
A: The anterior pituitary primarily secretes FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) and LH (Luteinizing Hormone).
86
Q: What does the ovary secrete during the luteal phase?
A: The ovary secretes inhibin, progesterone, and estrogen.
87
Q: What happens to the corpus luteum during the luteal phase?
A: The corpus luteum forms and begins secreting progesterone and estrogen.

2nd Term / PHA115 (26 decks)

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