Week 30 / Muscle, Joints & Bones -3

Question 1

🧠 Question: What is the primary function of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 1

✅ Answer: The primary function of the appendicular skeleton is movement.

Question 2

🧠 Question: What bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 2

✅ Answer: The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

Question 3

🧠 Question: What is the role of the girdles in the appendicular skeleton?

what are the two type of girdles what do they attach ?

Answer 3

✅ Answer: The girdles attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

The pectoral girdle attaches the upper limbs to the trunk.
The pelvic girdle attaches the lower limbs to the trunk.

Question 4

🧠 Question: How do the upper and lower limbs differ in function?

Answer 4

✅ Answer: The upper and lower limbs differ in function but share the same structural plan.

Question 5

🧠 Question: What bones make up the pectoral (shoulder) girdle?

Answer 5

✅ Answer: The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and the scapula.

Question 5

🧠 Question: How are the pectoral girdles attached to the axial skeleton? [3]

Answer 5

✅ Answer:

The medial end of each clavicle joins the manubrium and first rib.

The lateral ends of the clavicles join the scapulae.

The scapulae do not join each other or directly attach to the axial skeleton.

Question 6

🧠 Question: Do the pectoral girdles completely encircle the body?

Answer 6

✅ Answer: No, the pectoral girdles do not completely encircle the body.

Question 7

🧠 Question: What is the function of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle?

Answer 7

✅ Answer: The pectoral girdle provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb.

Question 8

🧠 Question: Why is the pectoral girdle light, and how does this affect the upper limbs?

Answer 8

✅ Answer: The pectoral girdle is light, which allows for greater mobility of the upper limbs.

Question 9

whats the only bone that joins the axial skeleton?

What structural features of the shoulder joint contribute to its high mobility and low stability?

Answer 9

✅ Answer:

The clavicle is the only bone that joins to the axial skeleton.

The glenoid cavity (socket of the shoulder joint) is shallow, which enhances flexibility but reduces stability.

Question 10

🧠 Question: Where do the clavicles extend,

what are their articulations? [2]

Answer 10

✅ Answer:

The clavicles extend horizontally across the superior thorax.
The sternal end articulates with the manubrium.
The acromial end articulates with the scapula.

Question 11

🧠 Question: What functions do the clavicles serve? [3]

Answer 11

✅ Answer:

The clavicles provide attachment for muscles.

They hold the scapulae and arms laterally.

They transmit compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.

Question 12

🧠 Question: Where are the scapulae located, and

what is their position relative to the ribs?

Answer 12

✅ Answer: The scapulae lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage, located between ribs 2-7.

Question 13

🧠 Question: What are the three borders of the scapula?

Answer 13

✅ Answer: The three borders of the scapula are:

Superior border
Medial (vertebral) border
Lateral (axillary) border

Question 14

🧠 Question: What are the three angles of the scapula?

Answer 14

✅ Answer: The three angles of the scapula are:

Lateral angle
Superior angle
Inferior angle

Question 15

🧠 Question: How many bones are in each upper limb, and how are they divided?

Answer 15

✅ Answer: Each upper limb contains 30 bones, divided into four regions:

Brachium (arm proper): 1 bone (humerus)
Antebrachium (forearm): 2 bones (radius and ulna)
Carpus (wrist): 8 small bones
Manus (hand): 19 bones (5 metacarpals and 14 phalange

Question 16

🧠 Question: What bones make up the brachium (arm proper)?

Answer 16

✅ Answer: The brachium (arm proper) contains only 1 bone, the humerus.

Question 17

🧠 Question: What bones make up the antebrachium (forearm)?

Answer 17

✅ Answer: The antebrachium (forearm) contains 2 bones, the radius and ulna.

Question 18

🧠 Question: How many bones are in the carpus (wrist), and how are they arranged?

Answer 18

✅ Answer: The carpus (wrist) contains 8 small bones, arranged in two rows.

Question 19

🧠 Question: How many bones are in the manus (hand), and how are they grouped?

Answer 19

✅ Answer: The manus (hand) contains 19 bones, grouped as:

5 metacarpals in the palm
14 phalanges in the fingers

Question 20

🧠 Question: What region of the upper limb is the arm, and what bones does it contain?

Answer 20

✅ Answer: The arm is the region of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow, and it contains 1 bone, the humerus.

Question 21

🧠 Question: What are the characteristics of the humerus? [4]

Answer 21

✅ Answer:

The humerus is the only bone of the arm.

It is the longest and strongest bone of the upper limb.

It articulates with the scapula at the shoulder.

It articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow.

Question 22

🧠 Question: What bones form the forearm, and

how do they articulate? [3]

Answer 22

✅ Answer: The forearm is formed by the radius and ulna.

The proximal ends of the radius and ulna articulate with the humerus.

The distal ends articulate with the carpals.

The radius and ulna also articulate with each other at the proximal and distal radioulnar joint

Question 23

🧠 Question: What is the function of the interosseous membrane in the forearm?

Answer 23

✅ Answer: The interosseous membrane interconnects the radius and ulna.

Question 24

🧠 Question: How are the radius and ulna positioned in the anatomical position?

Answer 24

✅ Answer: In the anatomical position, the radius is lateral and the ulna is medial.

Question 25

🧠 Question: What is the main function of the ulna in the forearm? [2]

Answer 25

✅ Answer: The ulna is the main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus, allowing the forearm to bend on the arm.

Question 26

🧠 Question: How does the distal end of the ulna interact with the carpals?

Answer 26

✅ Answer: The distal end of the ulna is separated from the carpals by fibrocartilage.

Question 27

🧠 Question: What role does the ulna play in hand movement?

Answer 27

✅ Answer: The ulna plays little to no role in hand movement.

Question 28

🧠 Question: How does the radius contribute to the wrist joint and hand movement? [2]

Answer 28

✅ Answer: The radius contributes heavily to the wrist joint, as the distal radius articulates with the carpal bones. When the radius moves, the hand moves with it.

Question 29

🧠 Question: How does the head of the radius articulate with the humerus and ulna? [2]

Answer 29

✅ Answer: The superior surface of the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. Medially, the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna.

Question 30

🧠 Question: How are the carpal bones arranged in the wrist?

Answer 30

✅ Answer: The carpal bones are arranged in two irregular rows: Proximal row (from lateral to medial): Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform. Distal row (from lateral to medial): Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.

Question 31

🧠 Question: What are the characteristics of the metacarpals in the manus?

Answer 31

✅ Answer: Five metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist. They form the palm and are numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb). They articulate proximally with the distal row of carpals and distally with the proximal phalanges.

Question 32

🧠 Question: How are the phalanges in the manus arranged and numbered? how many phalanges does each finger have ? except for ?

Answer 32

✅ Answer: The phalanges are numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb). Except for the thumb, each finger has three phalanges: proximal, middle, and distal.

Question 33

🧠 Question: What is the function of the pelvis (hip) girdle? [3]

Answer 33

✅ Answer: The pelvis (hip) girdle: Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with strong ligaments. Transmits the weight of the upper body to the lower limbs. Supports pelvic organs.

Question 34

🧠 Question: What bones make up the pelvis (hip) girdle?

Answer 34

✅ Answer: Each hip bone (also called coxal bone or os coxae) consists of three fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis. These, together with the sacrum and coccyx, form the bony pelvis.

Question 35

🧠 Question 1: How does the bone thickness differ between the female and male pelvis? 🧠 Question 2: What is the difference in the pubic arch/angle between the female and male pelvis? 🧠 Question 3: How do the acetabula differ between the female and male pelvis? 🧠 Question 4: What are the differences in the sacrum between the female and male pelvis? 🧠 Question 5: How does the coccyx differ between the female and male pelvis?

Answer 35

✅ Answer: Female: Lighter, thinner, and smoother. Male: Heavier, thicker, and more prominent markings. ✅ Answer: Female: 80°–90°. Male: 50°–60°. ✅ Answer: Female: Small; farther apart. Male: Large; closer together. ✅ Answer: Female: Wider, shorter; sacral curvature is prominent. Male: Narrow, longer; sacral promontory more ventral. ✅ Answer: Female: More movable; straighter. Male: Less movable; curves ventrally.

Question 36

🧠 Question 1: What is the primary function of the lower limb?

Answer 36

✅ Answer: The lower limb carries the weight of the body.

Question 37

🧠 Question 2: How do the bones of the lower limb compare to those of the upper limb?

Answer 37

✅ Answer: The bones of the lower limb are thicker and stronger than those of the upper limb.

Question 38

🧠 Question 3: How many bones are there in each lower limb?

Answer 38

✅ Answer: 30 bones per limb.

Question 39

🧠 Question 4: What are the four regions of the lower limb and the bones they contain?

Answer 39

✅ Answer: Femur in the thigh. Patella (kneecap). Tibia and fibula in the leg. 7 tarsal bones in the ankle, 5 metatarsals in the foot, and 14 phalanges (toes) in the foot.

Question 40

🧠 Question 1: What is the femur known for?

Answer 40

✅ Answer: The femur is the largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body.

Question 41

🧠 Question 2: Where does the femur articulate?

Answer 41

✅ Answer: The femur articulates with the hip proximally and with the tibia and patella distally.

Question 42

🧠 Question 3: Where does the head of the femur articulate? [what does it join ? what does it form?]

Answer 42

✅ Answer: The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint.

Question 43

🧠 Question 4: What is the neck of the femur?

Answer 43

✅ Answer: The neck of the femur is a constricted region below the head.

Question 44

🧠 Question 1: What is the greater trochanter of the femur?

Answer 44

✅ Answer: The greater trochanter is a projection felt and seen in front of the hollow on the side of the hip.

Question 45

🧠 Question 2: What happens at the distal end of the femur?

Answer 45

✅ Answer: The distal end of the femur expands into the medial condyle and lateral condyle, which articulate with the tibia.

Question 46

🧠 Question 1: What type of bone is the patella?

Answer 46

✅ Answer: The patella is a sesamoid bone.

Question 47

🧠 Question 2: Where is the patella formed?

Answer 47

✅ Answer: It is formed within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris.

Question 48

🧠 Question 3: What are the functions of the patella? [3]

Answer 48

✅ Answer: Increases the leverage of the tendon. Maintains the position of the tendon when the knee is flexed. Protects the knee joint.

Question 49

🧠 Question 4: How does the patella move during knee flexion and extension?

Answer 49

✅ Answer: The patella tracks (glides) up and down in the groove between the two femoral condyles.

Question 50

🧠 Question 1: What bones make up the leg (between the knee and ankle)?

Answer 50

✅ Answer: The tibia and fibula.

Question 50

🧠 Question 2: Which bone in the leg is more massive and medial?

Answer 50

✅ Answer: The tibia.

Question 50

🧠 Question 3: What is the function of the tibia?

Answer 50

✅ Answer: It receives the weight of the body from the femur.

Question 51

🧠 Question 1: What structure connects the tibia and fibula?

Answer 51

✅ Answer: The interosseous membrane.

Question 51

🧠 Question 4: Which bone in the leg is lateral and stick-like?

Answer 51

✅ Answer: The fibula.

Question 52

🧠 Question 2: With which bone does the tibia articulate at its superior end?

Answer 52

✅ Answer: The femur (forming the knee joint).

Question 52

🧠 Question 3: With which bone does the tibia articulate at its inferior end?

Answer 52

✅ Answer: The talus (forming the ankle joint).

Question 53

🧠 Question 4: Does the fibula contribute to the knee joint?

Answer 53

✅ Answer: No, it does not contribute to the knee joint.

Question 54

🧠 Question 2: What are the two largest bones in the tarsus?

Answer 54

✅ Answer: The talus (ankle bone) and the calcaneus (heel bone).

Question 54

🧠 Question 5: How many phalanges do the other toes have?

Answer 54

✅ Answer: Three—proximal, middle, and distal phalanges.

Question 54

🧠 Question 5: What is the role of the fibula in the ankle joint?

Answer 54

✅ Answer: It helps stabilize the ankle joint.

Question 55

🧠 Question 1: How many bones are in the tarsus (ankle)?

Answer 55

✅ Answer: 7 bones.

Question 56

🧠 Question 3: How are the metatarsals numbered?

Answer 56

✅ Answer: From 1 to 5, starting medially (big toe side) to laterally.

Question 56

🧠 Question 4: How many phalanges does the big toe have?

Answer 56

✅ Answer: Two—proximal and distal phalanges.

Question 57

🧠 Question 3: Why is segmentation important for the foot?

Answer 57

✅ Answer: It makes the foot pliable and helps it adapt to uneven ground.

Question 57

🧠 Question 1: What are the three main functions of the foot?

Answer 57

✅ Answer: 1. Supports body weight. 2. Acts as a lever to propel the body forward when walking. 3. Segmentation makes the foot pliable and adapted to uneven ground.

Question 58

🧠 Question 2: How many arches are in the foot?

Answer 58

✅ Answer: Three arches—two longitudinal and one transverse.