week 3

Question 1

is related to the notion of thinking and reasoning. It is associated with comprehension, intelligence, or inference, especially when an inference or a conclusion can be made from a thought process

Answer 1

Rationality

Question 2

True or False: Rationality is linked with explanation, understanding, justification especially if it provides a ground or a motive.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

defined as that which is not endowed with reason or understanding.

Answer 3

Irrationality

Question 4

the philosophical study of morality, is the systematic exploration of what is morally right and morally wrong. The study of ethics enables us to recognize and evaluate the variables that influence our moral decisions, our obligations, our character, our sense of responsibility, our sense of justice, and the nature of the good life

Answer 4

Ethics

Question 5

the study of the nature and justification of general ethical principles that can be applied to moral problems. Provides more rigorous and systematic approach about how we make decisions about what is right and wrong

Answer 5

Ethical Theory

Question 6

explore the ethical questions and moral issues associated with health care.

Answer 6

Biomedical ethics

Question 7

focuses on the moral questions within the sphere of nursing practice, the nurse-patient or nurse-client relationship, the moral character of nurses and the nurse as a moral agent

Answer 7

Nursing Ethics

Question 8

is the field of ethics in which these theories and principles are applied to actual moral problems

Answer 8

Applied ethics

Question 9

is the tradition of beliefs and norms within a culture or society about right and wrong human conduct. It includes non-normative and normative approaches.

Answer 9

Morality

Question 10

True or False: Canada is a pluralistic society, so it is vital to respect differences and to understand the influence of culture in ethics

Answer 10

true

Question 11

include fields of descriptive ethics and meta-ethics. Descriptive ethics gathers factual descriptions and explanations of moral behaviours and beliefs looking at a wide range of moral beliefs and behaviours: moral attitude, codes, beliefs. Meta-ethics analyzes the meanings of terms such as right, obligation, good, and cultures.

Answer 11

Non-normative ethics

Question 12

attempts are made to identify the basic principles and virtues that guide morality.

Answer 12

Normative ethics

Question 13

arise when the best course of action is unclear and when strong moral reasons support each position. The involved parties must choose between the most right and the least wrong

Answer 13

Ethical dilemmas

Question 14

results when we are not able to face these issues and deal effectively with them.

Answer 14

Moral distress

Question 15

provide a framework of principles and guidelines to help identify ethical issues and reconcile problems or conflict.

Answer 15

Ethical Theories

Question 16

is an ideal that has meaning or importance to an individual, a group, or society

Answer 16

Value

Question 17

where can evidence of Canadian society values found?

Answer 17

o Canadian laws
o the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
o the structure of the Canadian health system

Question 18

what does value influence

Answer 18

• individual beliefs and opinions
• behaviours, rituals, rules, and laws as a collective society
• decisions and responses as nurses

Question 19

True or False: Value conflicts Arise when personal actions or the actions of others are at odds with beliefs

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What are some examples of value conflicts

Answer 20

• Can arise when professionals disagree on how a situation should be managed
• May result in moral distress, so it is important to establish processes to
• understand personal values
• clarify and articulate values to others

Question 21

• An ongoing process through which individuals come to understand the values they hold and their relative importance

Answer 21

Value Clarification

Question 22

What is the process of Value Clarification

Answer 22

• The process requires
o open discussion
o active listening
o mutual respect

Question 23

• Provide frameworks and rules to determine right and wrong

* Provide a system of principles by which to determine what ought and ought not to be done

Answer 23

• Socratic Method- Plato and Aristotle

Question 24

What are the two traditional categories of Socratic Method- Plato and Aristotle

Answer 24

Teleology and Deontology

Question 25

consider outcomes and consequences (immediate and long term) of decisions and actions

Answer 25

Teleological Theories

Question 26

What is Teleological theories best known as?

Answer 26

Utilitarianism

Question 27

o there are no absolute rules to judge right and wrong | o an action is right if it leads to the greatest good and the least harm for the greatest number of people

Answer 27

utilitarianism

Question 28

has been used to evaluate decisions such as withdrawal of treatment. The consequences are not only considered in relation to the patient, but also to the family, the health professionals involved, and society.

Answer 28

Utilitarianism

Question 29

Critics argue that utilitarianism...

Answer 29

- is impossible and impractical for use in daily life - is useless when trying to quantify widely different interests - can lead to injustice, because the greatest good for the majority may bring harm to the minority

Question 30

• Critics argue that Kant’s theory is rigid and difficult to apply in everyday practice and does not provide guidance for what to do when two or more duties conflict.

Answer 30

Criticism of Deontological Theory

Question 31

• A British philosopher who, in an attempt to resolve the problem of conflicting duties in Kantian ethics, developed a more pluralistic theory • His revised theory identified prima facie duties that must override other duties o for example, sanctity of life would have priority over truth telling

Answer 31

W.D. Ross

Question 32

Derived from moral theory, ethical principles serve as a rule to moral conduct and assists in taking consistent positions on specific and related issues.

Answer 32

Ethical Principles in Health Care

Question 33

provide a framework for ethical decision-making for health care professionals. The principles are expressed in many professional code of ethics

Answer 33

Ethical Principles in Health Care

Question 34

When was Ethical Principles in Health Care introduced

Answer 34

1983 by Beauchamp and Childress

Question 35

According to Beauchamps and Childress (2001), the important principles commonly applied to ethical challenges in health care include:

Answer 35

``` o Sanctity of life o Autonomy o Nonmaleficence o Beneficience o Justice o Fidelity o Veracity ```

Question 36

• A principle that respects life and emphasizes the continuation of life at all costs.

Answer 36

Sanctity of life

Question 37

True or False: The principles of autonomy asserts that a capable and competent individual is free to determine, and to act in accordance with a self-chosen plan.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

founded on respect for persons, is based on the notion that human beings have worth and moral dignity not possessed by other creatures.

Answer 38

Autonomy

Question 39

Respect for autonomy also means granting individuals with the right to.

Answer 39

to privacy and confidentiality.

Question 40

Associated with Latin maxim primum non nocere: “first, do no harm”.

Answer 40

Nonmaleficence

Question 41

first three represent nonmaleficence, whereas the fourth represent beneficence.

Answer 41

o One ought not to inflict evil or harm. o One ought to prevent evil or harm. o One ought to remove evil or harm. o One ought to do or promote good.

Question 42

* Obliges individuals to make positive moves that produce good or benefit for others * Asserts that individuals should help others in need and help others further legitimate interests. * Is often in conflict with the principle of autonomy.

Answer 42

Beneficence

Question 43

• Is based on the notion of fairness. Theories of justice focus on how we treat individuals and groups within society, how we distribute benefits (ie care) and burdens (ie taxes) in an equitable way, and how we compensate those who have been unfairly burdened or harmed.

Answer 43

Justice

Question 44

Two forms of justice relevant to health care

Answer 44

Distributive and Compensatory

Question 45

* Is the foundation of the nurse–patient relationship. | * Obliges nurses to be loyal, keep their promises, and tell the truth (veracity) to those entrusted to their care.

Answer 45

Fidelity

Question 46

* It is the duty to tell the truth. * Important principle derived from the principle of autonomy. An individual’s right to the truth is linked to respect for persons, inherent in the principle of autonomy

Answer 46

Veracity

Question 47

True or False: Truth telling is central to ensuring and maintaining trust within the nurse-patient relationship.

Answer 47

True

Question 48

_______ study of moral development challenges the notion that there is one superior way to think about moral problems- that is, in terms of abstract and general notions of duty, justice, and rights.

Answer 48

Carol Gilligan’s 1988

Question 49

True or False: Patriarchal power structures in health care

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Refers to the wide range of feminist-related moral issues.

Answer 50

Feminine ethics

Question 51

what is the goal of feminine ethics

Answer 51

to create a plan or ideology that will end the social and political oppression of women.

Question 52

theorists that have developed models of caring for nurses and teachers.

Answer 52

Nel Noddings and Jean Watson

Question 53

encourages the sharing of real stories (not case studies). - Provide a clearer understanding of the ethical issues and challenges embedded in them. - Uncover the moral dimensions of the experience. - Encourage discourse that will ultimately enhance learning in a way that theory cannot achieve.

Answer 53

Narrative Ethics

Question 54

What does CNA Outline as a code of deontology

Answer 54

o Providing safe, compassionate, competent, and ethical care o Promoting health and well-being o Promoting and respecting informed decision making o Preserving dignity o Maintaining privacy and confidentiality o Promoting justice o Being accountable

Question 55

• CNO has identified the following values as being most important in providing nursing care in Ontario:

Answer 55

``` o Client well-being; o Client choice; o Privacy and confidentiality; o Respect for life; o Maintaining commitments; o Truthfulness; and o Fairness ```

Question 56

CNO

Answer 56

LOOK AT THE NOTE ON WEEK 3