Week 3

Question 1

The central nervous system is made up of…

Answer 1

• brain

- Spinal cord

Question 2

The peripheral nervous system i divided into…

Answer 2

afferent (to brain) and efferent (from brain) divisions

Question 3

What is the most dominant scense (especially in sport)?

Answer 3

Vision

Question 4

____% of all sensory receptors are located in the eye

Answer 4

70%

Question 5

____% of the cerebral cortex is thought to be involved in processing visual information

Answer 5

40%

Question 6

Elements of the focal system…(4)

Answer 6

• Functions to identify objects located primarily in centre of vision
• Linked to consciousness
• Operates under voluntary control
• But hampered in low-light

Question 7

Elements of the ambient system…(4)

Answer 7

• Functions at a subconscious level
• Responsible for spatial location and orientation (e.g. determine walking speed)
• Serves central and peripheral vision fields
• Not affected by changes in light

Question 8

Is focal system or ambient system linked to consciousness?

Answer 8

Focal system

Question 9

Is focal system or ambient system reduced with low light?

Answer 9

Focal system

Question 10

Is focal system or ambient system responsible for spatial location and orientation?

Answer 10

Ambient

Question 11

What is transparent surface of the eye and refracts light?

Answer 11

The cornea

Question 12

What is the central opening of the iris, lets light in eye?

Answer 12

The pupil

Question 13

What is convex shaped, transparent, and can change shape to project a sharp image onto the retina at the back of the eye?

Answer 13

The lens

Question 14

The ventral stream provides information about the ____ in motor control

Answer 14

what

Question 15

The ventral stream is important for object…..

Answer 15

Identification to initiate action

Question 16

The ____ stream has access to conscious and is processed through the information-processing stages

Answer 16

ventral

Question 17

Is the ventral stream part of the focal or ambient system?

Answer 17

Focal system

Question 18

The dorsal stream provides information about…

Answer 18

movement through the environment (e.g. time to contract, direction if movement of objects, and balance)
- allows perception of motion, position and timing

Question 19

What is a smooth pursuit eye movements used for?

Answer 19

To track objects

Question 20

What is a saccades eye movement used for?

Answer 20

Used to move point of gaze quickly from one point to another

Question 21

What is a vergence eye movement used for?

Answer 21

used to fixate on objects at different distances

Question 22

What is a fixation eye movement used for?

Answer 22

When point of gaze pauses (fixates or stops) on a specific object or event

Question 23

Binocular vision (seeing with both eyes) is important for…?

Answer 23

Depth perception, when 3-dimensional features are involved

Question 24

Do both eyes send information at the same speed?

Answer 24

No, one eye processes information and transmits it to the brain more quickly than the other

Question 25

Rotation of the head delayed relative to the body's rotation to reduce dizziness is called...

Answer 25

Spotting

Question 26

Locomotion:

Answer 26

movement from one place to another

Question 27

Optic flow is...?

Answer 27

How close we are to certain objects, and how quickly we're approaching them

Question 28

explain feedforward ...?

Answer 28

Sends information ahead, to prepare or adjust movement in advance

Question 29

Occlusions in vision are...?

Answer 29

A block (occlude) to vision to understand what visual information use

Question 30

What is a temporal occlusion in vision?

Answer 30

- Vision is occluded (blocked) at specific time point - Such as before ball release, after ball release, after ball bounce, before ball contact - about 'when'

Question 31

What is an event occlusion in vision?

Answer 31

- vision of specific events is occluded - such as ball, opponents hips, opponents head, foot, or the ball - about 'what'

Question 32

General vision training aids to improve...?

Answer 32

general function of vision (e.g. visual acuity, depth perception, colour perception)

Question 33

Does research show that general visual training enhances sport performance?

Answer 33

Yes, but not strong evidence

Question 34

Sport specific visual-perceptual training aims to train....?

Answer 34

perceptual-cognitive capabilities that appear to distinguish higher and lower skilled participants in the specific sport

Question 35

Sport specific visual-perceptual training often use video-based training focused on

Answer 35

postural cue information or pattern recognition in the specific sport

Question 36

List 4 visual search strategies?

Answer 36

- Quiet eye (last fixation point before you perform a skill) - Targeting skills - Interceptive skills - Tactical skills

Question 37

Proprioception is the ....

Answer 37

continuous flow of sensory information from receptors regarding movement and body position

Question 38

List 4 types of proprioception receptors?

Answer 38

- Golgi tendon organs - Muscle spindles - Joint kinesthetic receptors - Vestibular apparatus

Question 39

Golgi-tendon organs (GTO) are located....

Answer 39

in skeletal muscle near the insertion of the rendon

Question 40

Golgi-tendon organs detect changes in...?

Answer 40

muscle tension (i.e. force), but poor detectors of muscle length changes

Question 41

Joint receptors are located in the...

Answer 41

joint capsule and ligaments

Question 42

Within the joint receptors, it's the ______ that detect changes in force and rotation in the joint

Answer 42

mechanoreceptors

Question 43

Muscle spindles detect ...?

Answer 43

Changes in muscle fibre length and velocity/speed of stretch (through the mechanoreceptors)

Question 44

The vestibular system is located...?

Answer 44

in the inner ear

Question 45

The vestibular system detects _____ and _____ of the head

Answer 45

orientation, movement

Question 46

The vestibular system works closely with the visual system to maintain ______

Answer 46

equilibrium/balance

Question 47

The vestibular system consists of what 5 sensory organs....?

Answer 47

- semicircular canals (x3) - monitor angular accelerations | - Otolith organs (utricle and saccule) - monitor linear accelerations or position in relation to gravity

Question 48

Research shows proprioception influences (3)....?

Answer 48

- Movement accuracy - Timing of onset of motor commands - Coordination of body and/or limb segments

Question 49

______ ____ involves multiple sensory inputs that tell the CNS where the body is in space

Answer 49

postural control

Question 50

Postural control: Maintaining equilibrium requires postural adjustments; _____ or _______

Answer 50

compensatory or anticipatory

Question 51

Not reestablishing proprioception in rehab can result in...?

Answer 51

instability that may impair performance and predispose an athlete/patient to recurrent injury

Question 52

Sensory pathways are ascending/descending?

Answer 52

ascending

Question 53

Motor pathways are ascending/descending?

Answer 53

descending