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MSA Organ Systems I > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Antibodies AKA ______, are glycoproteins produced by plasma cells that help protect the body from foreign invaders called antigens.

A

Immunoglobulins

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2
Q

Name the five classes of antibodies: 1) ___ 2) ___ 3) ___ 4)___ 5)___

A

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM

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3
Q

The two heavy chains in antibodies are connected at the juncture via _____.

A

2 disulfide bonds

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4
Q

____, AKA Antigen binding fragment, where the arms of the Y are involved in antigen recognition.

A

Fab region

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5
Q

The lower base of the Y is involved in important biological activities of the antibody; it is named the crystallizable fragment ____.

A

Fc region

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6
Q

True/False: In antibodies, the heavy chains are called so, because they have a higher molecular mass than the light chain.

A

True.

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7
Q

Five heavy chains that represent the five different antibody classes: ___ (IgA), ___ (IgD) ___ (IgE) ___ (IgM) ___(IgG)

A 
Alpha (IgA)
delta (IgD)
Epsilon (IgE)
Mu (IgM)
Gamma (IgG)
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8
Q

The three regions of the antibody 1) ____, 2) _____ and 3) _____

A

1) Antigen binding fragment Fab region 2) Crystallizable (Fc) region, 3) Hinge region

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9
Q

How does the Fab region recognize the unique antigen?

A

Together the two variable domains in the upper portion of the Fab create a pocket, so to speak, with a unique conformation that will accommodate the shape of its antigen.

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10
Q

The unique secondary structure of the variable region _______, actually creates the binding pocket.

A

Beta-pleated sheet

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11
Q

The unique amino acid sequence of the _______ determines the shape of the binding pocket at the Fab region.

A

Complementary determining regions (CDRs)

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12
Q

What region of an antibody is responsible for antigen recognition?

A

The antigen-binding fragment (Fab) region is responsible for antigen recognition.

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13
Q

True/False: The Fc region participates in antigen recognition.

A 
False
Comprises the bases of two heavy chains, responsible for the individual class functions of an antibody NOT for antigen recognition.
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14
Q

True/False: The Fc region has only constant domains.

A

True

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15
Q

What region of an antibody is responsible for complement fixation?

A

The Fc region is responsible for complement fixation.

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16
Q

____, is the unique amino acid sequence of the constant domains within an individual.

A

Allotype

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17
Q

_____, refers to the unique sequence of amino acids that composes the variable domain of the antibody. Determines the specificity of an antibody for its antigen.

A

Idiotype

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18
Q

Antigen binding Affinity vs. Avidity

A

Affinity is the strength required for an interaction between an antigen and a specific antigen binding site on the antibody.
Avidity is the binding between the antigen and the entire antibody molecule, not just a single site. More sites equals more avidity.

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19
Q

True/False: IgM has higher avidity for an antigen than IgG because its 5 monomers can associate with more antigens than IgG’s monomer.

A

True. IgM associates with 10 antigens (2 antigens per monomer x5)
IgG is a monomer, associating with only 2 antigens.

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20
Q

Mnemonic: The different classes of antibodies: _______

A 
MADGE
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgG
IgE
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21
Q

IgA exists as a dimer in the mucosa and a monomer in the blood. Its main function is ______.

A

Mucosal immunity

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22
Q

IgD exists as a monomer and is mainly involved in ______.

A

B-cell signaling

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23
Q

IgE is a monomer involved in ________ and _______.

A

Allergic reactions and Helminth defense

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24
Q

IgG is a monomer, most abundant, and crucial in the later stages of _______ to infections.

A

Immune response

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25
Q

IgM is a ______. Plays a major role in the early stages of the immune response to infections.

A

Pentamer.

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26
Q

What class of antibody can exist as a dimer?

A

IgA, but only mucosal surfaces. It’s a monomer in the blood.

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27
Q

IgE is found as a monomer on the surface of _____ and _____.

A

Mast cells and basophils

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28
Q

True/False: IgG is the predominate antibody of the late immune response.

A

True

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29
Q

Which class of antibody is generated earliest in an immune response?

A

IgM is generated first in the immune response. Later the body switches to producing primarily IgG.

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30
Q

___ antibodies are the most numerous antibodies in the serum and their main role is to serve as opsonins.

A

IgG

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31
Q

The only class of antibody that does not need T cells to be produced is ____.

A

IgM

32
Q

___ antibodies are found on mature B cells and serve as a signal that they are ready to leave the bone marrow.

A

IgD

33
Q

___ antibodies can be found in large quantities in breast milk.

A

IgA

34
Q

The first immunoglobulin made in response to an infection is ____.

A

IgM

35
Q

The alternative pathway of complement activation is considered to be part of the (innate/adaptive) _____ immune system because it is independent of antibody interactions.

A

Innate

36
Q

The membrane attack complex compromises the integrity of microbial plasma membranes leading to (reversible/irreversible) ______ cell injury.

A

Irreversible

37
Q

C3b and C4b are complement proteins that serve as _____ and enhance phagocytosis.

A

Opsonins

38
Q

Anaphylatoxin activity in the complement cascade is regulated by ______ which cleave C3b and C5a.

A

Carboxypeptidases

39
Q

C3 and C5 ____ are the enzyme components that cleave the complement components C3 and C5 respectively.

A

Covertases

40
Q

_____ is a serine protease that cleaves C3b into inactive fragments.

A

Factor I

41
Q

C3a and C5a are complement proteins known as ________ because they induce an increase in capillary diameter and attract other cells to sites of tissue damage.

A

Anaphylatoxins

42
Q

The classical pathway of complement activation is considered part of the (adaptive/innate) _____ immune response because it is initiated by immune complexes.

A

Adaptive

43
Q

____ is the complement protein that initiates the classical pathway of complement activation.

A

C1q

44
Q

_____ refers to a collection of serum proteins that connects the innate and adaptive immune systems.

A

Complement

45
Q

What is the goal of VDJ Rearrangement?

A

To create a massive amount of unique antigen receptors for T and B cells.

46
Q

What is the gene that recognizes self-reactive B cells?

A

AIRE gene expressed in primary lymphoid tissue

47
Q

B cells differentiate into _____ when they encounter an antigen at peripheral lymphoid tissue.

A

Plasma cells

48
Q

In the fetus, the primary location of B-cell development is in the ____.

A

Liver

49
Q

___ and ___ are two immunoglobulin isotopes expressed on the surface of mature naive B cells.

A

IgM and IgD

50
Q

Immature B cells leave the bone marrow, becoming transitional B cells and complete the maturation process in the ____.

A

Spleen

51
Q

____ is a lymphocyte characterized by CD19, CD20, CD21, and CD40 cell surface proteins.

A

B cell

52
Q

(Pre/Pro/Immature) _____ B cells undergo negative selection.

A

Immature B cells

Negative selection meaning killed or inactivated.

53
Q

The most important marker on B cells is CD___.

A

CD19

54
Q

During B-cell development, a hematopoietic stem cell become a ___ cell.

A

Pro-B cell

55
Q

The Pre-B cell checkpoint checks if the ______ is on the cell surface, and if it is not the cell undergoes apoptosis.

A

Pre-B cell receptor

56
Q

The presence of ______ on B-cell receptors allow B cells to leave the bone marrow.

A

IgD constant region

57
Q

B cells are positive for major histocompatibility complex class(es)?

A

MHC I and II

58
Q

The ____ is the most abundant lymphocyte in a normal person.

A

T cell

59
Q

___ is a type of T cell that MHC I binds to.

A

CD8+ T cell

60
Q

The ___ is type of lymphoblast that can express CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD7, CD8, and CD28 receptors.

A

T cell

61
Q

___ is a type of lymphocyte associated with acute and chronic organ rejection.

A

T cell

62
Q

_______ is a type of T cell that functions to maintain specific immune tolerance through the suppression of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell effector function.

A

Regulatory T cell

63
Q

Once the naive B cell finds its antigen, it binds to it and is activated, becoming an ______.

A

Effector B cells OR a plasma cell

64
Q

True/False: Unlike T cells, B cells can bind to antigens freely circulating in the blood.

A

True

65
Q

Most antigens bound to B cells do not fully activate the cells. Full activation requires the B cell to bind a _____.

A

CD4+ helper T cell

66
Q

Which immunoglobulin’s main function is to initiate the complement system?

A

IgM

67
Q

What kind of plasma cell does IL-4 induce B cells to become?

A

IgE plasma cells

68
Q

____ are special B cells whose goal in life is to remember this specific infection and then later become activated in a “quicker and better” fashion and fight it off.

A

Memory B cells

69
Q

What two cell types does an activated B cell produce?

A

A plasma (effector) cell and a memory B cell

70
Q

The T-cell dependent pathway relies on T cell receptors recognizing ____ antigen protein complexes on the surface of ____.

A

MHC II, B cells

71
Q

True/False: Post-transcriptional processes like Alternative splicing do NOT affect DNA sequences as DNA recombination does.

A

True

72
Q

True/False: In the process of ubiquitylation, you NEED a lysine residue in the substrate protein.

A

True

73
Q

The growth factor for Hematopoietic stem cell is _____.

A

Stem cell factor (SCF or c-kit ligand)

74
Q

Also, what is the receptor called for the Hematopoietic stem cell growth factor?

A

Tyrosine Kinase membrane receptor or c-kit

75
Q

Do Lymphoid Progenitor cells give rise to cells like Neutrophils, Dendritic cells, and macrophages?

A

No. They give rise to T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer cells.

76
Q

What is the factor that stimulates Neutrophil production?

A

Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)

77
Q

Where in the body can you find mature B cells?

A

Circulation of blood, lymph, and peripheral lymphoid organs (ex: spleen)

MSA Organ Systems I (8 decks)

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