Week 3

Question 1

What is the sensation of a mechanical stimulus?

Answer 1

Perceptions of touch, pressure, stretch, flutter/vibration, hearing

Question 2

What is the sensation for a thermal stimulus?

Answer 2

Perceptions of hot and cold

Question 3

What is the sensation for a photic stimulus?

Answer 3

Perception of light

Question 4

What is the sensation for a chemical stimulus?

Answer 4

Perceptions of taste, smell and pain

Question 5

How many people observe “subjectively”?

Answer 5

Only one person

Question 6

How many people observe “objectively”?

Answer 6

Two or more people

Question 7

What is the definition of a stimulus?

Answer 7

An objective, quantitative environmental interaction that is conveyed to the CNS

Question 8

What is the definition of a sensation?

Answer 8

A subjective, qualitative characterization of a stimulus at the level of consciousness

Question 9

What are C fibers?

Answer 9

non-myelinated afferent axons

Question 10

What sensors fall under the caterogy of C fibers?

Answer 10

many pain sensors and warm/cold sensors

Question 11

What are A-delta fiber?

Answer 11

thinly myelinated, smallest and slowest conducting of the myelinated afferents

Question 12

What kind of sensation do A-delta fibers respond from?

Answer 12

sharp, quick pain, some crude touch and temperature sensation

Question 13

What are A-beta fibers?

Answer 13

large, fast, conducting myelinated afferents

Question 14

Where are there afferents located that belong in the category of A-beta fibers?

Answer 14

Meissners corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel’s discs and hair follicles

Question 15

True or False: Pseudonipolar neurons are specialized sensory neurons

Answer 15

True

Question 16

what are somatic sensations?

Answer 16

bodily sensations arising from the external environment

Question 17

What are visceral sensations?

Answer 17

bodily sensations arising from the internal environment

Question 18

What is the receptive field?

Answer 18

that region of sensory space(body’s surface or sensory environment) where a stimulus is transduced

Question 19

What is sensory transduction?

Answer 19

the conversion of physical energy into action potentials

Question 20

What are proprioceptors?

Answer 20

they are modified muscle cells (myocytes)

Question 21

What do proprioceptors contribute to and where are they found?

Answer 21

Body position sense and found among normal muscle cells (the junctions between muscles and tendons)

Question 22

What are nociceptors, where are they located and what do they respond to?

Answer 22

“free” “naked” nerve endings which are sensory receptors for painful stimuli and are present in the skin and respond to tissue damage

Question 23

What is mechanical nociception?

Answer 23

the detection of mechanical aspects of pinch, stab, cut

Question 24

What is thermal nociception?

Answer 24

the detection of extreme heat or cold

Question 25

What is chemical nociception?

Answer 25

the detection of various chemicals released as the result of tissue damage

Question 26

Many nociceptors are [ ] nociceptors

Answer 26

Polymodal

Question 27

What is the role of transient receptor potential channels?

Answer 27

playing a role in pain and temperature detection and regulation

Question 28

What does TRP channels stand for?

Answer 28

transient receptor potential channels

Question 29

What is hyperalgesia?

Answer 29

abnormally heightened sensitivity to pain

Question 30

What is peripheral sensitization?

Answer 30

reduction of activation threshold and increased responsiveness of the peripheral ends of nociceptors

Question 31

What is central sensitization?

Answer 31

increased excitability of neurons in the CNS in response to stimulation, creating abnormal sensation

Question 32

What does the insula help with?

Answer 32

helps to build an image of the body that's informed by our internal states

Question 33

What is the cingulate cortex involved in?

Answer 33

the prefrontal cortical networks that evaluate the conse

Question 34

What is the dorsal root ganglia?

Answer 34

has the cell bodies of sensory receptor neurons

Question 35

Where are the dorsal root ganglia located?

Answer 35

peripheral nervous system am send their axonal projections into the central nervous system

Question 36

State the Bell-Magendie law

Answer 36

The dorsal roots of the spinal cord are sensory and the ventral root are motor

Question 37

What is a radicle?

Answer 37

a small rootlike part or structure, such as the beginning of a nerve

Question 38

What does DCML (pathway) stand for?

Answer 38

Dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway

Question 39

What does the DCML pathway carry?

Answer 39

Carries conscious proprioception, vibration, touch, pressure and discriminative touch

Question 40

The DCML carries its components from the [ ] to the [ ]

Answer 40

from the [periphery] to the [ cortex]

Question 41

What are the first order neurons in the DCML pathway?

Answer 41

mechanosensory receptor neurons

Question 42

True or False: the DCML pathway is the first center somatosensory pathway

Answer 42

True

Question 43

What does LSTT (pathway) stand for?

Answer 43

lateral spinothalamic tract

Question 44

The lateral STT is also known as the ..

Answer 44

anterolateral system

Question 45

What does the LSTT carry?

Answer 45

pain and temperture

Question 46

The LSTT carries its components from [ ] to the [ ] and runs parallel the what pathway

Answer 46

[periphery] to the [cortex] and runs parallel to the [DCML] pathway

Question 47

What is the sensation from a Meissner's Corpuscle?

Answer 47

touch velocity, flutter

Question 48

What are mechanoreceptors?

Answer 48

type pf somatosensory receptors which relay extracellular stimulus to intracellular signal transduction through mechanically gated ion channels

Question 49

What is the sensation from a Pacinian Corpuscle?

Answer 49

touch acceleration, vibration

Question 50

What is the sensation from a merkel cell?

Answer 50

touch intensity, duration, velocity, pressure

Question 51

What is the sensation from a ruffini Corpuscle?

Answer 51

pressure, vibration, stretch, distension, displacement

Question 52

What is the sensation from a Peritrichal Receptor?

Answer 52

movement of hairs, direction, velocity

Question 53

What is the sensation from Neuromuscular spindles?

Answer 53

muscle stretch (dynamic and static)

Question 54

What is the sensation from golgi tendon organs?

Answer 54

muscle tension

Question 55

Match the mechanoreceptor to adapting speed merkel cell [ ] Meissner's Corpuscle [ ] Peritrichal Receptor [ ] Pacinian Corpuscle [ ] golgi tendon organs [ ] ruffini Corpuscle [ ] Neuromuscular spindles [ ]

Answer 55

[SA] [RA] [SA, RA] [RA] [ NEITHER] [SA] [NEITHER]

Question 56

Where are Meissner's Corpuscles?

Answer 56

located mainly at the dermo-epidermal junction, found in the hand, volar forearm, sole of the foot, lips and oral mucosa

Question 57

Where are pacinian Corpuscles?

Answer 57

located in the hypodrmis of the hand, arm and external genitalia additionally, in the periosteum, joint capsules, mesentery, pancreas and urinary bladder

Question 58

Where are merkel cells?

Answer 58

all over the body but greatest density in the hands

Question 59

Where are ruffini corpuscles?

Answer 59

located in the dermis of the skin of the hands, nail beds, tendon attachments, gingiva and periodontal ligament

Question 60

Where are Peritrichal receptors?

Answer 60

surround the base and proximal shafts of hairs over the whole body

Question 61

Fill in: There are [ ] pairs of spinal nerves, 8 [ ], 12 [ ], [ ] lumbar, 5 [ ], and [ ] coccygeal, making up [ ] nerves in all

Answer 61

[31], [cervical], [thoracic], [5], [sacral] and [1], [62]

Question 62

What is the dermatome?

Answer 62

the area of skin that is innervated by a single dorsal root of the spinal cord