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Pathophys > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A

Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue

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2
Q

Describe epithelial tissue

A

Made up of epithelial and glands. Cover internal and external areas eg skin, digestive and respiratory tract
Glands produce fluid secretions which are attached or derived from epithelia
Cells are bound together closely
Avascular
Obtain nutrients by diffusion/absorption
Cells are continuously replaced

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3
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Produce specialised secretions

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4
Q

Describe the structure of the epitheal cell from bottom to top

A

Basal surface- attached to either more epitheal tissue if in deeper tissue or layers
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Top exposed surface - microvilli which increases surface area of cells by 20xs allows for efficient absorption
Some have cilia - beat in a co-ordinated manner to move substances - resp tract

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5
Q

How are epithelia classified?

A

No of layers- one layer or stratified (multiple layers)
Cell shape - squamous - flat, cuboidal - cube shaped, columbar - collum

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6
Q

What are the two type of glands?

A

Endocrine or exocrine

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7
Q

Describe an endocrine gland

A

Ductless gland. Secrete hormones into cellular spaces, then into the blood
Hormones regulate or co ordinates activities of various tissues, organs and systems
Eg. Pituitary gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland

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8
Q

Describe exocrine glands

A

Secrete products into dust that empty onto the epithelia surface
Eg subucatious gland secretes ceban onto hair and skin

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9
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

It occurs throughout the body, never exposed to an outside environment. Connects epitheal tissue to the rest of the body. Many are highly vascular. They fill internal spaces

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10
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue?

A

CT proper - loose CT and Dens CT. Loose CT is adipose
Fluid CT - blood and lymph
Supporting CT - cartilage and bone

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11
Q

What is loose connective tissue

A

Loosely paced tissue made up pf collagen and elastin fibres. Found throughout the body. Fills spaces around organs. Elastic fibres within the tissue make it reilient.
Eg pinching skin and it returning to its original shape

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12
Q

What is adipose connective tissue

A

Loosely packed collagen, elastin and adipose fibres. Has a higher proportion of adipose. It’s function is to provide padding, absorb shock, insulates and stores energy

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13
Q

What is dense connective tissue (fibrous CT)

A

Dense regular - made up of collagen fives which are packed densely and parallel to each other eg tendons, ligaments and aponeroses
Dense irregular - fibres more woven together to form a mesh work. Allows for tissue to be subject to move stresses from different directions eg dermis of the skin

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14
Q

What does blood and lymph do within tissue?

A

Fluid connective tissues that transport cells and dissolve minerals

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15
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Found in the joints, on articular surfaces of bones. Protects the bone from shock. Absorbs shock and reduces friction between boney surfaces. Composed of densely packed collagen fibres to withstand compression

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16
Q

What is bone

A

Provides support, allows movement. An attachment point for skeletal muscles and protects organs. Formed densely packed collagen with mineral deposits primarily calcium

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17
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue

A

Establishes structural framework for the body- bone loose CT
Transports fluid and materials - blood and lymphatic
Protects delicate organs - loose CT
Stores energy (triglycerides) - adipose
Defence from invading microorganisms- CT proper

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18
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

Cells that are within cartilage. Produce and maintain the cartilage matrix, secrete a chemical which prevents growth of blood vessels into cartilage

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19
Q

What are protoglycans?

A

A compound made up of protein and sugar. Regulate the movement of molecules throughout the the matrix.

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20
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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21
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A

Loosely packed collagen fibres in matrix. Tough but flexible.
Found in most joints covering articular surfaces
Between ribs and sternum, nasal cartilage, resp tract.
Most common

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22
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Numerous elastic fibres. Resilient yet flexible
Found in eternal flap (auricle) of the ear
Epiglottis
Auditory tube in the inner ear
Small cartilages in larynx

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23
Q

What is fibrocartilage

A

Densely interwoven collagen fibres
Little ground substance. Durante and tough
Resists compression and absorbs shock
Found in between vertebrae, between pubic bones

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24
Q

What are membranes made of?

A

Epitheal tissue and connective tissue. Consists of epithelium supported by connective tissue

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25
What are the four types of membranes
Mucus membrane, serous membrane, cutaneous membrane and synovial membrane
26
Mucous membrane
Lines passageways that are open to exterior including resp, urinary and reproductive tracts Epithelial surfaces are kept moist to reduce friction and facilitate absorption/secretion Thin layer of epithelial cells- simple classification
27
Serous membrane
Lines the sealed, internal subdivisions of the bodies cavities Very thin and transparent Firmly attached to the body wall and organs that they cover Minimise friction and secret serous fluid Pericarditis, plarrisy
28
Synovial membrane
Membrane around the joint cavity of a synovial joint Made up of connective tissue with a thin layer of macrophages and fibroblasts Atypical epithelium and loose CT Macrophages and fibroblasts make up the atypical epithealium and regulates the composition of the synovial fluid provides O2 and nutrients to the hyaline cartilage Movement stimulates formation and circulation of synovial fluid
29
Cutaneous membrane skin
Two layers - epidermis (epitheal tissue) - dermis (connective tissue) looseCT and Dense irregular CT Has accessory structures: hair follicles, nails
30
Functions of cutaneous membrane
Protects against impact, abrasion, fluid loss and chemical attack Excrete salt, water and organic wastes via glands Maintain normal body temp through sweat or insulation Produce melanin to protect from UV rays Produce keratin which protects against abrasion and repels water Synthesise Vit D3 - metabolism of calcium Stores lipids Detect touch, pressure through vibration and temp - relays info to nervous system Coordinates immune response to pathogens in skin
31
How many days does it take for a cell to move to the outer most layer of skin?
15-30 days
32
How long do cells last for?
2 weeks
33
Define a ligament
Fibrous bands of connective tissue that span joints to connect articulating bone and function to stabilise and support the joint
34
What is an injury to a ligament called?
A sprain
35
Grade 1 strain
Localised pain/tenderness. No bruising, min swelling, min loss of function, no loss of strength/ROM.
36
Grade 2 strain
Mod swelling, some bruising, poorly localised pain. Impairment and painful ROM. Decrease strength and pain on contraction
37
Grade 3 strain
Audible POP and acute pain. Considerable swelling/bleeding. Inability to contact muscle, separation may be visible
38
Who made the strain classification
O’Donoghue 1962
39
Grade 1 sprain
Localised pain/tenderness. No bruising. Min swelling. Min loss of function. No laxity
40
Grade 2 sprain
Mod swelling, some bruising, poorly localised pain. Impairment and painful ROM with deficit. May have some instability
41
Grade 3 sprain
Audible POP and acute pain. Considerable swelling and bleeding into joint. Significant laxity/instability. Symptoms may settle quicker than grade 2.
42
Define a strain
Muscle/tendon injury, typically caused by over contracting or lengthening a muscle causing tearing of collagen. Most commonly occurs in the eccentric phase
43
Factors that cause tissue damage
Injury, infection, infarction, immune reactions
44
Name the two types of body tissue
Parenchyma tissue and stomal tissue
45
Define parenchyma tissue
Functioning cells of organs eg neural tissue, epithelial tissue, cardiac myocyte tissue
46
Define stromal tissue
Supporting connective tissue. Contains many cell types including fibroblasts, blood vessels, nerves and nerve endings
47
What are the three types of tissue healing?
Resolution, tissue regeneration and connective tissue repair
48
Describe resolution
Occurs in acute inflammation response to minor injuries or those with minimal affect to parenchyma cells. Tissue is ‘restored’ to its prior state. Most common in epithelial tissue eg mild insect bite
49
Describe tissue regeneration
Replacement of lost parenchyma cells by division of adjacent surviving parenchyma cells. Before it can occur necrotic cells must be removed. Involves inflammatory response. Depends on the damaged cells releasing growth factors to increase mitogenic activity, no. Of surviving cells, presence of connective tissue framework that provides a base for regeneration
50
What are labile cells
Skin cells, constantly turning over
51
Stable cells
Liver, kidney and lungs. Stop growing once growth stops. Requires a supportive framework if damage occurs
52
Desactive fixed non-diving cells
Nerve, muscle, cardiac cannot undergo mitosis. Tissue repair leaves scar tissue
53
Connective tissue repair
4 stages. Lost tissue is replaced by granulation tissue which matures to form scar tissue
54
What are the four stages of connective tissue repair
Bleeding, inflammation, proliferation, remodelling
55
Bleeding stage of CT repair
Occurs following injury, short lived, vascular tissues will bleed for longer. Ligaments bleed less in volume and duration. Av. Time 4-6 hrs some will bleed significantly longer
56
Inflammatory phase of CT repair
Occurs within the first few hours. Peak reaction usually 1-3 days. Resolves in a few weeks. Changes in blood flow. Exudation of protein rich fluids (Oedema). Leukocyte emigration. Phagocytosis. Lymphatic drainage
57
Proliferation of CT repair
24-48hrs after injury can take up to a few weeks to resolve. Fibroblasts, macrophages and blood vessels proliferate to form granulation.
58
What are the two fundamentals processes of proliferation?
Angiogenesis occurs with development of capillary buds with increased blood supply and collagen synthesis to produce type 3 collagen
59
Describe remodelling of CT repair
Begins at three weeks and can last up to 2 years. Continuous remodelling of scar tissue - collagen type 1 synthesis by fibroblasts and simultaneous lysis by collagenase enzymes. Physical stress is an important influencing factor at this stage
60
What is primary intention?
When there is a small abrasion to skin. The edges are joined by fibrin plug which forms a scab which prevents enters of infectious agents Re growth of Basel layer of epidermis. Lysis of fibrin and re-epithelialisation. Restoration to intact skin.
61
What is secondary intention?
When there is a large defect filled by fibrin clot or a foreign material in wound. New blood vessels and fibroblasts grow to form the dermis into fibrin. Collagen laid down by granulation tissue fibroblasts to restore integrity. Maturation of collagen achieves structural integrity and allows re growth.
62
Factors that affect wound healing
Nature of healing, site of injury, prolonged inflammation, movement plus minus stress, malnutrition, blood flow and O2 delivery, infection, age
63
What could complicate tissue repair
Infection, ulceration, dehiscence, keloid development and adhesions
64
Define ulceration
Circumscribed, open, crater like lesions of the skin/ mucous membrane
65
Define dehiscence
Deficient scar formation, wound separates
66
What is a keloid
Hypertrophic scar tissue, excessive collagen production

Pathophys (6 decks)

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