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Adult Development > week 3 > Flashcards

week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Skin: what is the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layers

A

Epidermis- thick covering that protects the underlying tissue

dermis- the middle layer of the skin, connective tissue

subcutaneous- fat layer which is the bottom-most layer of skin

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2
Q

What is photoaging?

A

Aging that has to due with skin being affected by the sun

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3
Q

Appearance: Why does hair turn grey

A

loses pigment due to slowing of melanin due old age

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4
Q

Hair loss: Androgenetic alopecia

A

Hair loss that occurs in a pattern for both men and women

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5
Q

Height starts to decrease as we age, especially for women because of

A

loss of bone mineral content

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6
Q

What are trends in weight as we age (3)

A

fat-free mass decreases, body mass index increases, In late years we see a decrease in weight mostly due to loss of bone and muscle

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7
Q

Exercise recommendations:

A

150 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity per week in bouts of ten minutes or more

muscle and bone strength activities 2 times per week

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8
Q

Mobility is affected by muscles how so?

A

muscle mass changes with age, or sarcopenia, which just occurs gradually over

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9
Q

Mobility: bones

A

Is living tissue

and peaks in early adulthood for both sexs, and declines more abruptly for women due to menopause

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10
Q

Joints, by what age has cartilidge that protects joints begun to degrenerate

A

20-30 but stress and repeated use of joints can cause them to wear off faster

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11
Q

Cardiovascular system: What is plaque

A

hard deposits inside the arterial walls, consisting of cholesterol, cellular waste, calcium and fibrin

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12
Q

Cardiovascular efficiency is indexed by aerobic capacity:

A

The maximum amount of oxygen that can be delivered through the blood

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13
Q

Cardiac output:

A

the amount of blood that the heart pumps per minute

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14
Q

What type of metabolism also helps to regular the function of arteries

A

lipid metabolism

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15
Q

good and bad chelosterol is a product of too much or too little of what? and how does good and bad chelosteroal function differently

A

High density lipoproteins: transport lipids out of the body (good cholesterol)

Low density: opposite (bad chelesterol)

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16
Q

How do you calculate lung age?

A

Mathematical function showing how old your lung is based on a combination of your age and measure obtained from a spirometer called forced expiratory volume

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17
Q

Urinary system: Kidneys are composed of blank. Which do what

A

Nephrons, which are cells serving as filters that cleanse the blood of metabolic waste

aging leads to nephron loss

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18
Q

Unitary systems: about blank percents of adults over 65 suffer from the urge incontinence in which the individual experiences

A

30, and a sudden urge to pee or start to leak

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19
Q

Digestive system: after the age of 65, what occurs? (3)

A

Saliva production decreases

Stomach empties more slowly

Decrease in lever volume and blood flow through the liver may also occur

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20
Q

Digestive health can be maintained by

A

Eating a diet that includes a balance among foods containing protein, complex carbohydrates, and fats

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21
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Include a complex set of structures that produce hormones via feedback loops involving the body’s organs

22
Q

What part of the brain triggers the release of chemicals

A

hypothalamus

23
Q

Change to growth hormone leads to

A

Loss of bone mineral content

Increase in fat

Decrease in muscle mass

Losses in strength, exercise tolerance, and quality of life in general

24
Q

What is the glutocoid cascade hypothesis?

A

The glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis theorizes that stress wears on mechanisms essential to the functioning of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis—a major neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress and regulates essential body processes, such as digestion, the immune system, mood and emotions, sexuality, and energy storage and expenditure.

25
Q

Melatonin is produced by what

A

The pineal gland, and control the circadian rhythm

26
Q

Premenopause is the period preceding menopause. What are 2 staples of this stage?

A

estrogen and progesterone decrease

hot flashes

27
Q

how does lowering estrogen affect women?

A

Bones, cardiovascular disease, and memory may be affected by estrogen decreases

28
Q

Andropause refers to age-related decline in testosterone. how does lower levels of testosterone affect men?

A

more likely in men who are diabetic or obese

29
Q

What is immune senescence?

A

widespread age-related declines in immune system functioning

30
Q

What is Harold(hemispheric asymmetry in older adults?

A

Evidence of greater bilaterality in older compared to young adults

31
Q

what is pasa (posterior to anterior shift in aging?

A

Older adults show greater activation of anterior regions (prefrontal cortex) compared to posterior regions (occipital lobe)

32
Q

What is the crunch model?

A

Increased activation until demands exceed the ability to compensate and then we see decline

33
Q

Nervous system: plasticity is affected by 3 things

A

sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, and environmental toxins

34
Q

What promotes plasticity?

A

mental engagement and physical exercise

35
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex do?

A

involved in planning and encoding info to long-term memory

36
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

Area responsible for consolidating memories

Becomes smaller with increasing age, through plasticity is possible

37
Q

White matter hyper intensifies as we reach old person status

A

Abnormalities in the frontal lobe

Not entirely clear what they represent but may be due to white matter deterioration

38
Q

Sleep patterns in later life can be disturbed by

A

obesity, activity and alcohol use

39
Q

Older adults have more disrupted sleep due to

A

more disrupted seep due to more frequent awakenings and less efficient sleep patterns

40
Q

temperature control in aging

A

older adults are less able to adjust internal body temperature to outside conditions

41
Q

Vision loss: presbyopia and cataracts

A

Presbyopia: loss of ability to focus on near objects

Cataracts: opacities in the lens of the eye

42
Q

Macular degeneration

A

a condition caused by damage to the preceptors located in the central region of the retina known as the macula

43
Q

Glaucoma:

A

A group of condition causing blindness due to destruction of the neurons leading from the retina to the optic nerve by increased pressure within the eyeball

44
Q

Hearing loss: presbycusis degenerative changes

A

in the cochlea or auditory nerve leading from cochlea to brain (loss of high pitch noise

45
Q

Hearing loss: Tinitus

A

percieves sounds in the head or ear when there is no external source

46
Q

Communication strategies to talk to old heads

A

Looks directly at the person

Make sure the other person is in enough light

Turn down background noise

47
Q

Balence how many older people fall each year?

A

Between 20-30% of older adults fall each year

48
Q

Vertigo is what?

A

sensation of spinning when body is at rest

49
Q

Taste and smell: blank percent of adults suffer a form of olfactory impairment by age 80, blank percent have some form of dysfunction

A

13% of older adults suffer a form of olfactory impairment by age 80, 39% have some form of dysfunction

50
Q

Potential contributors to poorer olfaction in older adults

A

including a history of smoking, sinus problems, certain medications and chronic diseases

51
Q

Touch: loss of ability to discriminate touch when older due to

A

changes in receptors underneath the skin

hands and feet more affected than lip and tongue

Adult Development (3 decks)

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