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social psychology- PYB202 > week 3 > Flashcards

week 3 Flashcards

perceiving other people

1
Q

what are thin slices

A

when you have very little information to draw attributions from

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2
Q

what is the smallest form of thin slices

A

a photograph

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3
Q

what happens when we look at faces

A

when people view faces, they do it extremely fast eg. how trustworthy, likeable, attractive etc.

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4
Q

when people view faces do most people either agree or disagree with the attributions given to the face

A

most people agree with the same given attributes based on someones appearance

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5
Q

does time matter when determining attributes to a face

A

no Willis and Todorov 2006 found that the attributions given to a face is the same with seconds and unlimited time eg. whether someone looks aggressive or trustworthy

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6
Q

how are people at detecting when someone is lying

A

we are not good at judging truth and deception, even those with relevant training eg. police, CIA, psychiatrists

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7
Q

what groups of people are better than chance (not just guessing) at detecting lies

A

secret service agents and clinical psychiatrists with deception experience

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8
Q

why are we bad at detecting lies

A

we focus too much on peoples facial expressions
alot of the available cues are not good indicators eg. fidgeting or minimal eye contact

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9
Q

what helps indicate lying

A

their voice
- hesitate and then speed up and raise pitch
there’s cognitive effort in their story
- lying is harder to do than telling the truth so easier to detect if you add a cognitive challenge such as telling the story backwards

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10
Q

attribution theories

A

correspondent inference theory
covariation model

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11
Q

what is attribution

A

how people explain the causes of behaviour
eg. the answer to the question why

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12
Q

what was Heider, 1958s idea

A

people are naive psychologists in their everyday life

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13
Q

why are people naive psychologists

A

construct theories to explain behaviour
draw upon personal/dispositional and situational explanations (personal or situational attributions)

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14
Q

types of attributions

A

personal attribution
situational attributions

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15
Q

what is personal attribution

A

an internal characteristic of the person caused the behaviour
eg. ability, personality, mood, effort

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16
Q

what is situational attribution

A

an external factor caused the behaviour
eg. the task, weather, other people, luck

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17
Q

what is helpful for predictions and control

A

attributing outcomes to stable factors eg. someone lost tennis because they’re bad at tennis allows you to assume they will be bad at tennis next game

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18
Q

what is correspondent inference theory

A

attribute behaviour to a corresponding personality trait or disposition
eg. aggressive action due to aggressive personality

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19
Q

based on correspondent inference theory (Jones and Davis), behaviour is more informative of an enduring disposition when it is:

A

freely chosen
unexpected, departs from what norms and roles dictate
produces fewer desirable effects

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20
Q

based on correspondent inference theory: Which option reveals more about the actor’s enduring dispositions?
1. Sarah receives a book for her birthday
a) She says it looks great, I can’t wait to read it
b) She says, oh I don’t really like reading

A

b because it is slightly unexpected as most people even if they didnt like reading would say thank you

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21
Q

based on correspondent inference theory: Chris accepts a job
a) $150K/year, easy commute, interesting work
b) $150K/year, long commute, boring work

A

b because theres only one positive attribute (the money) so we know chris is likely motivated by money

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22
Q

based on correspondent inference theory: Alex has the vegetarian pasta for his meal on a flight
a) He can choose between the vegetarian pasta or chicken
b) They have run out of everything else

A

a because we learn more about someone when they have free choice

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23
Q

what did Jones and Harris (1967) supported correspondent inference theory discover

A

participants made more correspondent inferences regarding speeches that were freely chosen vs. assigned. Therefore finding that it tells you more about a person when they get to choose (free choice)

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24
Q

what did Kelley’s (1967) Covariation Model believe

A

people are naive scientists (covariation principle)
it looked at whether behaviour would be the same or different with different people, stimuli and occasions

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25
what is the covariation principle
the cause of a behaviour should be present when the behaviour occurs and absent when it does not
26
example of covariation model
rachel is nice to bart, we need to know if Rachel is nice or if bart is whats causing rachel to be nice. utilise 3 types of information 1. consensus (do other people react similarly to this stimulus) eg. are other people nice to bart - if yes then high consensus 2. distinctiveness (does this person react different to other stimuli) eg. is rachel nice to other people - if no high distinctiveness 3. consistency (does this person react similarly to this stimulus on other occasions) eg. is rachel always nice to bart if yes high consistency
27
types of information with covariation model
consensus distinctive consistent
28
what do the 3 types of information with the covariation model lead to
attributions
29
3 attributions
circumstances personal stimulus
30
if there is a low consensus low distinctive high consistent
the attribution is personal eg. rachel is a nice person
31
if there is a high consensus, high distinctive and high consistent
the attribution is the stimulus eg. bart is a nice guy
32
limitations to kelleys covariation model
- Although we can use the information, we don’t always use it - Can be poor at determining covariation - May simply attribute causality to most salient feature - Requires multiple observations
33
types of biasing factors
Fundamental attribution error Belief in a just world
34
what is fundamental attribution error
tendency to overlook situational factors and instead of make internal attributions for others behaviour
35
Fundamental Attribution Error jones and harris study found
people thought essays reflected the author’s beliefs even when the situation could completely explain the behaviour (assigned position)
36
what does Fundamental Attribution Error think of poverty
Attribute poverty to the person rather than social conditions
37
an example of fundamental attribution error
attributing a coworker's lateness to the fact that they are unreliable rather than that they got stuck in traffic
38
Why do people ignore the situational factors?
Attribution is a two-step process (Gilbert & Malone, 1995) the situational factors require alot more thought and effort compared to personal attribution
39
what type of attribution is fast and automatic
personal attribution
40
People can form quick judgments of others based on
behaviour
41
when do we adjust for the situation less for attributions
Adjust for the situation less when under cognitive load or unmotivated
42
Why are dispositional inferences primary?
we attribute events to factors that are perceptually salient/those that stand out to us eg. person is salient > internal attribution situation is salient > external attribution
43
When we perceive another person, the person is usually more salient than the situation
internal attribution
44
how can you change the type of attribution
by changing the focus of attention, you can change attributions
45
where has the fundamental attribution error been demonstrated
in western cultures which have an independent view of the self
46
when were participants from Eastern cultures were less likely to display the fundamental attribution error than those from Western cultures
when situational constraints were made salient
47
when situational constraints were not salient
both western and eastern cultures demonstrated the fundamental attribution error
48
when bad things happen to good people it threatens our
belief in a just world
49
what is meant by a just world
the world is a fair place good things happen to good people bad things happen to bad people
50
what happens when our belief in a just world is threatened
it makes us feel anxious as if that happened to them it could happen to me
51
what do people tend to do if their belief in a just world is threatened
blame the victim helps us feel safe, in control, like the world is a fair place
52
what type of attribution is likely if our belief in a just world is threatened
internal attributions in instances of - more severe damages in an accident - victims situation is similar to perceivers - perceiver identifies with victim - perceiver generally anxious about threats to self
53
Asch’s configural model on impression formation
Some traits are more useful for constructing an integrated impression * Central traits (e.g., warm vs. cold) had a larger impact on peoples impressions
54
2 fundamental social dimensions for impression formation
warmth: whether they have good or ill intent competence: ability to act on intentions
55
How do we put together traits to form an overall impression?
what we learn first matters the most (primary effect) Valence matters
56
what is the primary effect
earlier info has a bigger impact on impressions
57
what is valence
Negative info is more distinctive, has a bigger impact
58
types of confirmation biases
- Perseverance of belief - Confirmatory hypothesis testing - Self-fulfilling prophecy
59
Darley and Gross 83 study on persereverance of beliefs
participants were given background info sbout a child and then watched her take a test. background: high/low SES video: always average performance rated her academic potential before or after the video
60
results of Darley and Gross 83 study on persereverance of beliefs
before the video: ratings not affected by background info after video: ratings were affected by background info
61
what did Darley and Gross 83 study on persereverance of beliefs discover
that expectancies influence perceptions of behaviour
62
What happens when information disconfirms our beliefs?
When people think about their theories or opinions, it consolidates the viewpoint * Can provide a solution by asking them to consider an alternative viewpoint
63
Confirmatory Hypothesis Testing
We actively search for information to confirm our hypotheses
64
Synder and Swann Confirmatory Hypothesis Testing study
participants were told they were to interview an introvert or extrovert and then chose questions based on this characteristics. eg. what would you do to liven up a party vs what kind of events make you feel like being alone this would supply evidence that supported their expectations
65
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy rosenthal and jacobson 68 study
Informed year 1/2 teachers that an IQ test indicated some students were due for an intelligence growth spurt (“bloomers”) * But “bloomers” were picked randomly * Came back 8 months later, assessed children’s IQ * Bloomers increased more in IQ, compared to other students
66
what caused the IQ increase in the self fulfilling prophecy study
- teachers tend to create a warmer environment/ are nicer to the children - teachers teach more to the kids with more favourable expectations - kids get more of a chance to respond if the teachers expect more of them and let them talk longer - feedback: if more is expected of the kid the kid will be praised more. if the kid gets the answer wrong they receive more feedback than other kids
67

social psychology- PYB202 (3 decks)

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