Week 3

Question 1

Microevolution

Answer 1

Small genetic changes in a population over time

Question 2

Species

Answer 2

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 3

Speciation

Answer 3

The process by which one species splits into two or more new species

Question 4

3 phases of speciation

Answer 4

1. Separation
2. Divergence
3. Reproductive isolation

Question 5

Phase 1 of speciation, separation

Answer 5

A species splits into groups due to physical or environmental barriers

Question 6

Allopathic Speciation

Answer 6

Populations are separated by some physical barrier

Question 7

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 7

Speciation that happens without physical separation, often due to genetic changes or behavioural differences

Question 8

2 mechanisms of separation for allopatric speciation

Answer 8

1. Long-distance dispersal
2. Vicariance

Question 9

Long-distance dispersal, allopatric speciation

Answer 9

When a small group migrates far from the main population and evolves separately

Question 10

Vicariance, allopatric speciation

Answer 10

When a physical barrier splits a population, leading to separate evolution

Question 11

Phase 2 of speciation, divergence

Answer 11

The separated groups evolve differently due to natural selection or genetic drift

Question 12

Reproductive isolation

Answer 12

• When two populations have changed so much they can no longer interbreed
• Marks the end of speciation

Question 13

Local host race formation

Answer 13

When a population adapts to a specific host or habitat, leading to genetic differences over time

Question 14

Phase 3 of speciation, reproductive isolation

Answer 14

The groups become so different that they can no longer interbreed, forming new species

Question 15

Speciation by polyploidy

Answer 15

When a new species forms due to having extra sets of chromosomes, common in plants

Question 16

Hybridization

Answer 16

When two different species mate and produce offspring (hybrids)

Question 17

3 outcomes of hybridization

Answer 17

1. Fusion
2. Stability
3. Reinforcement

Question 18

Hybrid Zones

Answer 18

Regions where hybridization occurs and can be studied

Question 19

What is a stable hybrid zone?

Answer 19

A hybrid zone where hybrids continue to form over time without one species outcompeting the other

Question 20

Genetic homogenization

Answer 20

When gene flow reduces genetic differences between populations, making them more similar

Question 21

Reinforcement

Answer 21

When natural selection strengthens reproductive barriers to prevent hybridization

Question 22

Origin of life

Answer 22

Transitioned from inorganic to organic molecules

Question 23

Progenote

Answer 23

• First living organism
• Had DNA and amino acids

Question 24

What did eukaryotes arise from?

Answer 24

A mutated archaea

Question 25

How did multicellular organisms arise?

Answer 25

- Single-celled organisms grouped together for survival - Over time, some cells specialized, leading to true multicellularity

Question 26

Order of evolution for eukaryotes

Answer 26

protists ---> fungi and animals

Question 27

Colonization of Land

Answer 27

When plants, animals, and fungi moved from water to land and adapted to live there

Question 28

Fossil record

Answer 28

Provides historical snapshots but can be inaccurate

Question 29

How are isotopes used in fossils?

Answer 29

Radioactive isotopes help determine a fossil's age through radiometric dating

Question 30

Mass extinction events

Answer 30

five major events that shaped current species

Question 31

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 31

- When one species evolves into many new species to fill different roles in an environment - Occurs after mass extinction

Question 32

Paedmorphosis

Answer 32

When an organism retains juvenile features into adulthood

Question 33

Regulatory genes

Answer 33

Genes that control the expression of other genes, guiding development and cellular functions

Question 34

Macroevolution

Answer 34

Large-scale evolutionary changes that occur across species

Question 35

Phylogeny

Answer 35

the study of how species are related through evolution

Question 36

Taxonomy

Answer 36

Classification system for organisms

Question 37

Genealogy

Answer 37

The study of family history and the descent of individuals or groups

Question 38

Monophyletic group

Answer 38

Groups that include a common ancestor and all its descendants

Question 39

Paraphyletic group

Answer 39

A group that includes a common ancestor but not all of its descendants

Question 40

Polyphyletic group

Answer 40

Lacks the most recent common ancestor

Question 41

Homologous traits

Answer 41

Traits shared by species due to a common ancestor

Question 42

Analogous traits

Answer 42

Traits that appear similar in different species but evolved independently, not from a common ancestor

Question 43

Outgroups

Answer 43

- A species or group that's related but not part of the ingroup - used for comparison

Question 44

Ingroups

Answer 44

- The group of species being studied - Compared to outgroup

Question 45

Molecular clock

Answer 45

Predicts evolutionary timing using mutation rates

Question 46

Anisogamy

Answer 46

Reproduction with different-sized gametes

Question 47

What are the 2 main factors that drive sex differences?

Answer 47

1. Offspring energy and care requirements 2. Mating system

Question 48

Intrasexual selection

Answer 48

Competition between males for access to females

Question 49

Intersexual selection

Answer 49

When females chooses mates based on traits, 'charm'

Question 50

Female Passivity

Answer 50

The idea that females are less active in mating choices

Question 51

Bateman's Principles

Answer 51

- Males have higher variance in the number of mates than females do - Quality of mate is most important for females, not quantity - Male reproductive success is more closely linked to the number of mates

Question 52

Implications of Bateman's Principles: Males

Answer 52

Males face more competition for mates, leading to traits that help them attract partners

Question 53

Implications of Bateman's Principles: Females

Answer 53

- Energy is the limiting resource for achieving Darwinian fitness - Females should be choosier about who they share their gametes with

Question 54

Misdirections of Batman

Answer 54

- Stereotypes limit the exploration of diversity - Implies that sperm are cheap and mating is without risk - Implies that females increase reproductive success only by choosing better mates, not by mating more