week 3

Question 1

what percentage of all pregnancies are high risk?

Answer 1

20-25%

Question 2

high risk pregnancy definition

Answer 2

expectant mother with a condition before or during pregnancy that increases unborn child’s chances of experiencing either prenatal or postnatal problems

Question 3

natal

Answer 3

birth

Question 4

prenatal

Answer 4

prior to birth (2 weeks to birth)

Question 5

embryo

Answer 5

2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception

Question 6

fetus

Answer 6

8 weeks to birth

Question 7

gastrulation

Answer 7

differentiation of cells begins about 2-3 weeks after conception

cells make up musculoskeletal system

cells make up nervous system

Question 8

myelination

Answer 8

formation of sheaths over neurons and nerve pathways

Question 9

three main layers of cells that body contains

Answer 9

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

Question 10

ectoderm

Answer 10

outer layer

epidermis, hair, eye, mouth, nose, teeth, brain, spinal cord

Question 11

mesoderm

Answer 11

middle layer

kidney, gonads, skeletal muscle, circulatory system wall of gut

Question 12

endoderm

Answer 12

inner layer

digestive tract, lungs, bladder

Question 13

cause of Down syndrome or trisomy 21

Answer 13

when the fetus has 3 #21 chromosomes instead of 2

Question 14

autosomal (chromosomal disorder)

Answer 14

related to one of the first 22 chromosomes

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

Question 15

sex-linked (chromosomal disorder)

Answer 15

related to 23rd chromosome

fragile X syndrome- genetic problem on X chromosome where boys are affected and girls are carriers

turner syndrome- females have only one X

Question 16

autosomal dominant

Answer 16

only one parent has to be a carrier

when a carrier and non-carrier mate, there is a 50-50 chance of the fetus being affected

Question 17

autosomal recessive

Answer 17

both parents have to be carriers

1/4 chance fetus is unaffected, 1/4 chance fetus is affected, 2/4 chance fetus is a carrier and unaffected

Question 18

Do muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, fragile X, and color blindness affect both boys and girls?

Answer 18

No, only boys

Question 19

achondroplasia

Answer 19

example of an autosomal dominant genetic problem

dwarfism

Question 20

teratogen

Answer 20

any substance that may cause the fetus to develop in an abnormal manner (embryo)

whatever expectant other ingests or is exposed to affects fetus

constraint on prenant development, environmental factor

Question 21

prenatal malnutrition

Answer 21

inadequate fetal nutrition is a major factor in low birth-weight newborns

they are more susceptible to a variety of developmental disabilities and higher mortality rates

Question 22

types of prenatal malnutrition (environmental factors)

Answer 22

placental malnutrition- placenta not working properly

fetal malnutrition- fetus cannot utilize nutrients properly

maternal malnutrition- expectant mother inadequate nutrition

Question 23

why are legal and illegal drugs dangerous for pregnant women?

Answer 23

wall of placenta is porous and chemicals may penetrate to fetus

Question 24

what can use of opioids during pregnancy result in?

Answer 24

drug withdrawal syndrome in newborns called neonatal abstinence syndrome or neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NAS/NOWS)

Question 25

alcohol during pregnancy

Answer 25

a leading cause of birth defects 40-50% of chronic consumers of alcohol have children with Fetal Alcohol Effect (FAE) of Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND) 33% of active alcoholics have child with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Question 26

What is maternal weight gain based on?

Answer 26

pre-pregnancy weight status

Question 27

what is a major determinant of birth weight and infant mortality/morbidity?

Answer 27

maternal weight gain

Question 28

amniocentesis

Answer 28

performed between 14-17 weeks inserting a needle through the mother's abdomen into the amniotic sack and withdrawing less than one ounce of amniotic fluid around fetus fluid containing fetal cells put in culture medium fluid tested for levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and acetylcholinesterase (high AFP related to Spina Bifida; low AFP related to Down syndrome) to test for biochemical or chromosomal disorders, cells are grown in culture for two weeks, then karyotype determines gender and analyzes chromosomes

Question 29

chronic villus sampling (CVS)

Answer 29

performed between 8-10 weeks gestation tube inserted through cervix into the uterus and chorionic/placental tissue is removed fetal cells are analyzed under microscope with results in days slightly less safe than amnio (1% greater risk of miscarriage following procedure)

Question 30

ultrasound

Answer 30

considered safest form of prenatal diagnosis utilizes sound waves to produce images of fetus

Question 31

serum-alpha fetoprotein (AFP)

Answer 31

performed at 14-18 weeks gestation tests mother's blood detects proportion of pregnant women who carry fetuses with spinal cord bifida or Down syndrome screening tool

Question 32

what is the most important factor affecting neonatal mortality and is a determinant of post-neonatal mortality?

Answer 32

low birth weight; <4.5 lbs

Question 33

what weight is considered pre-maturity?

Answer 33

<4.5 lbs

Question 34

pre-term

Answer 34

newborn is born 37 weeks or sooner, but weight is appropriate for gestational age

Question 35

intrauterine growth retardation

Answer 35

newborn is born between 38-40 weeks, but newborn is small for date

Question 36

two types of prematurity

Answer 36

pre-term intrauterine growth retardation

Question 37

APGAR test

Answer 37

quickly asses the health of a newborn child immediately after birth A- activity P- pulse G- grimace A- appearance R- respiration

Question 38

physiological flexion

Answer 38

neonatal characteristic; body postures newborn's typical flexed position due to being in the mother's womb arms, legs, fists clenched