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Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Fiber types

A

Collagen

Reticular

Elastic

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2
Q

Collagen properties

A

Tensile strength

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3
Q

Reticular fiber properties

A

Tensile strength

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4
Q

Elastic fiber properties

A

Resiliency

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5
Q

Proteoglycan properties

A

Rigidity, porosity

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6
Q

Mast cells

A

Granules contain bioactive substances: Histamine, leukotrienes, proteolycans

Slow release of granule regulates innate immune responses

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7
Q

Histamine

A

Causes bronchoconstriction by inducing contraction of smooth muscle

Triggers vasodilation, lowers BP

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8
Q

Epinephrine

A

Binds to adernergic receptors

Smooth muscle relaxation in airways, smooth muscle contraction

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9
Q

Exposure

A

Contact with a microbe

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10
Q

Infection

A

Acquisition by a host

Synonymous with disease

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11
Q

Commensalism

A

Microbe that co-exists with host

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12
Q

Mutualism

A

Host and microbe benefit

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13
Q

Colonization

A

Microbe found in non sterile site without causing disease

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14
Q

Latency

A

Microbe harbored without causing damage

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15
Q

Disease

A

Clinical evidence that microbe is causing damage to host tissues

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16
Q

Pathogen

A

Microbe that causes disease or damage to host

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17
Q

Sepsis

A

Systemic response to an infectious agent - bacterial, viral fungal

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18
Q

Sepsis clinical responses

A

Change in temperature
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Alteration in white blood cell count

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19
Q

Sepsis mediators

A

Complement

Coagulation cascade

Pro-inflammatory mediators

Anti- inflammatory mediators

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20
Q

Sepsis benefits? White cells, Tachycardia, Tachypnea, fever

A

White cells combat infection

Tachycardia increase CO

Tachypnea increases ventilation

Fever inhibits microbial growth

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21
Q

Septic shock

A

Sepsis and evidence of insufficient organ perfusion and oxygen delivery

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22
Q

Treating sepsis

A

Lactate measurement
Blood cultures
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Fluid resuscitation

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23
Q

Sepsis epidemiology

A

~750,000 cases in N. America

~40,000 children

30-35% mortality in adults, 10% in children

19,000,000 cases worldwide

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24
Q

Acute inflammation causes

A

Foreign intruder
Tissue necrosis
Trauma
Immune reactions

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25
Vascular reactions
Vasodilation Increased permeability Vascular stasis
26
Cellular reactions
Extravasation Chemotaxis Activation Phagocytosis
27
Vasodilation
Arteriolar dilation --> hyperemia --> Rubor, calor Redness/heat
28
Increased permeability
Endothelial gaps Neutrophil entry is easier Edema
29
Vascular stasis
Slowed blood flow, more time for leukocytes to contact endothelial cells
30
Extravasation
Roll, bind, squeeze through epithelium Roll: Selectins Adhesion: Integrins Transmigration: PCAM-1
31
Chemotaxis
Respond via receptors, locomotion based on chemical gradient
32
Activation
Increase defensive functions - more enzymes
33
Phagocytosis
Opsinization Engulfment Killing/degradation
34
Chronic inflammation
Prolonged duration Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cell
35
Chronic inflammation causes
Acute inflammation Persistent infections Prolonged irritation Autoimmunity
36
Lymphocyte-Macrophage interaction
Activate macrophage --> TNF-a/IL-1 activates lymphocyte --> Activated lymphocyte IFN-gamma --> Macrophage activated
37
Granulomatous inflammation
Special form of chronic inflammation Epithelioid macrophages Myobacterium TB, histoplasmosa capsulatum, non infectious materials resistant to degradation
38
Leukocytosis
Increase in leukocytes Accelerated release from marrow Immediate release of storage pools (Vasculature, spleen)
39
C-Reactive Protein
Liver response to inflammation 'Binds to damaged tissue and microbes, activates complement/pro-inflammatory cytokines
40
Hematopoietic cells
``` Erythroid precursors Megakaryocytes Lymphocytes Plasma cells Monocytes/macrophages ```
41
Stromal cells
Fibroblasts/reticulin Adipose Osteoclasts/blasts Endothelial cells
42
Hematopoietic stem cell
Multipotent Self renewal Differentiation
43
Simple squamos cells
Wider than tall Fried egg appearance Allows materials to pass through
44
Simple squamos examples
Endothelium - lining of blood/lymph vessels, heart cavities Mesothelium - lining of serous cavities: Pericardium, peritoneum
45
Simple cuboidal
Width = depth = height | Prevalent in secretory/absorption
46
Simple cuboidal examlpes
Thyroid follicles Smaller ducts/glands Germinal epithelium of ovary Kidney ducts
47
Simple columnar
Taller than wide, oval nucleus @ base | Protection and secretion
48
Plain tall columnar
Mucosa of stomach SI, LI Gall bladder Bigger ducts of glands
49
Ciliated Columnar
Cells with cilia | Uterus and oviducts
50
Pseudostratified columnar
All cells touch BM but do not reach surface
51
Pseudostratified columnar w/motile cilia
Respiratory system: Nasal, larync, trachea, oviducts
52
Pseudostratified columnar w/motile cilia and goblet cells
Respiratory system
53
Goblet cells
Mucous secreting cells
54
Pseudostratified columnar w/non motile cilia
Epididymis
55
Pseudostratified columnar non ciliated
Ductus deferens
56
Stratified squamos example
Skin, lining of cavities opening to skin: Mouth, vestibule of nose, anus More than 1 layer
57
Keratinzed stratified squamos
Protective layer of keratin formed Epidermis
58
Non keratinzed stratified squamos
Mucous membrane | Moist cavities
59
Stratified cuboidal: Description and example
Secretion 2 layers, top layer is definitively cuboidal Sweat glands, large ducts
60
Stratified columnar
Rare Large ducts of exocrine glands Basal layer is cuboidal, apical surface is columnar
61
Transitional
Lines excretory passages of urinary tract Transition form between stratified squamos and columnar Surface cells binucleate
62
Bladder fill and transitional epithelium
Full bladder: Surface cells stretched - squamos Empty: Cuboidal surface domelike
63
Apical surface specialization
Microvillia Cilia Sterocilia
64
Lateral surface specialization
Intercellular junctions
65
Basal surface specializations
Basement membrane | Junctional specializations
66
Microvilli
Fingerlike extensions from apical surface (1-2um) Core of actin filaments Brush border Absorptive epithelium
67
Terminal web
Horizontal web of actin, anchor microvilli
68
Glycocalyx
Extracellular coat bound to plasmalemma of enterocyte microvillia
69
Cilia
Long (5-10um) cytoplasmic extensions No actin core 9+2 doublet formation of tubulin - axoneme Facilitate flow of fluid over epithelium
70
Intraflagellar transport
Cargo molecules loaded at base --> Use kinesin to move up --> dynein to move down
71
Primary cilia dyskinesia: Males
Sterility | Male flagellum of sperm affected, cilia in testis
72
Primary cilia dyskinesia: females
Cilia in oviducts affected Fertile but increased ectopic pregnancy
73
Hydrocephalus internus
PCD Ependymal cells in ventricles play role in CSF circulation Fluid accumulation in brain
74
Stereocilia
Long, immotile, branched microvillia Male reproductive tract Inner ear sensory hair cells
75
Zona occludens
Extends around entire perimeter of cell, apical area
76
Tight junctions
Fused ridges of tightly packed transmembrane proteins Rapidly formed and disassembled Block lateral movement of lipids and membrane proteins
77
Zonula adherens
Basal to zona occludens Adjacent plams membranes separated by 15-20nm gap, filled with plaque containing e- E-cadherin between
78
Macula adherens/desmosomes
points of adhesion, 25-35nm separation Cadherin within space, tonofilaments anchor within cell
79
Clostridium perfringens and j(x) complexes
Attacks zona occludens J(x) Food poisoning Dehydration
80
Heliobacter pylori and j(x) complexes
Binds to extracellular domain of zonula occludens in stomach --> decrease tyrosine kinase signaling Gastric ulcers, carcinomas
81
Viruses and j(x) complexes
Attachment and endocytosis of reovirus to JAM protein of zonula occludens
82
Parasites and j(x) complexes
Dust mites Cleave zonula occludens proteins, loss of barrier in lungs results in exposure and immune response
83
Gap junctions (Nexus)
2-3nm separation Direct electrical and chemical communication
84
Connexon
Bridge between nexus'
85
Connexin 26
Inner ear - deafness
86
Connexin 32
PNS Degenerative disease, charcot-marie-tooth
87
Connexin 50
Congenital cataracts - blindness
88
Basement Membrane
Thin sheet of extracellular material at basal surface Separation of epithelial cell and CT
89
Basal lamina
Extracellular supportive structure - only EM Lamina lucida Lamina densa
90
Hemidesmosome
Anchors intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton to BM Half desmosome
91
Lamina propria
Below BM Support to epithelium
92
Exocrine glands
Ducts opening to surface
93
Endocrine
Release products into blood or lymph
94
Merocrine/eccrine
Release of products with cell membrane intact - Exocytosis
95
Apocrine
Part of cell membrane released (mammary glands)
96
Holocrine
Bulk release of whole cell or cytoplasm (Sebaceous glands)
97
Epithelial metaplasia
Reversible conversion of one mature cell to another type All epithelial
98
Cardiac muscle nuclei location
Center
99
Skeletal muscle nuclei location
Periphery
100
Cardiac muscle histological description
More red Central nuclei Lots of cytoplasm Branching
101
Skeletal muscle histological description
Nuclei in periphery Wide cells Striations
102
Smooth muscle histological description
Many evenly scattered nuclei
103
Calcium signaling for muscle contraction
Ca increase --> Ca2+/Calmodulin complex activates Myosin light chain kinase --> activates myosin light chains --> Myosin light chain phosphatase removes phosphate from LC
104
Difference between smooth and skeletal muscle contraction
Smooth muscles twist and can lock Use less energy
105
Multiunit smooth muscle synaptic transmission
Each cell receives synapse
106
Unitary (visceral) smooth muscle synaptic transmission
Few synapses, transmitted via gap junctions
107
3 blood vessel wall components
Tunica intima: Inside Tunica media: Middle Tunica adventitia: Outisde
108
Tunica intima composition
Endothelial cells and loose connective tissue
109
Tunica media composition
Smooth muscle
110
Tunica Adventitia composition
Dense irregular connective tissue
111
Vessels ranked by thickness: Highest to lowest
Artery >> Vein >> Lymphatic vessel
112
Difference between artery and vein TM
Smooth muscle in Artery
113
Capillaries composition
Endothelial cells and basement membrane No smooth muscle Pinocytotic cells Tight junctions
114
Continuous capillaries
Least permeable, endothelial cells have tight junctions and no fenestrations
115
Fenestrated capillaries
More permeable, endothelial cells have tight junctions with fenestrations
116
Functions of basal laminae
Structural support Barrier or selective filter Influences cell polarity and differentiation Promotes and guides cell migration
117
Fibronectin
Connects fibroblasts 1 gene Binding sites for many components (collagen, fibrin, cells)
118
RGD
Cell binding domain of fibronectin
119
Integrins
Protein on cells that bind to fibronectin Alpha/beta chains Some have RGD receptors Transmembrane signaling
120
Integrin activation
Leukocyte rolling on endothelial cells --> reaches point with activating factors (site of infection) --> signaling cascade --> integrin in active confirmation
121
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
Lack of integrin Beta2
122
LAD I
Structural defects in integrin
123
LAD II
Absence of selectin ligand
124
LAD III
Defects in integrin activation
125
Brown fat location
Cervical Supraclavicular Paravertebral
126
White fat function
Energy storage Insulation Cushioning
127
Brown fat function
Heat regulation
128
Brown fat heat generation
Uncoupling of respiration Rich vascularization spreads heat
129
Cushioning locations
Palm of hand Buttocks Orbit of eye Kidney
130
Hematochezia
Passage of blood through the anus
131
Melena
Black feces resulting from upper GI bleed/upstream colon
132
Peri-partum hemorrhage
Childbirth bleed
133
Gross hematuria
Blood in urine
134
Hemo-pericardium
Blood in lung/heart
135
Ecchymosis
Hematoma associated with skin or mucous membrane Bruise
136
Hemostasis trio of components
1. Vasculature and hemodynamics 2. Platelets 3. Coagulation cascade
137
Vascular response of hemostasis
1. Vasoconstriction 2. Endothelium: When broken, collagen interacts with blood, release vWF --> Platelet adhesion trigger 3. Formation of platelet plug
138
Fibrinogen
Links one platelet to another
139
Coagulation Cascade
Create fibrin glue to support platelet plug until endothelium/matrix remodeling
140
Virchow's triad
Increase risk for thrombosis Injury Blood flow: Stasis/turbulence Coagulation pathway: hypercoagulability
141
Congenital Atresia
Valve does not form
142
Mass effect
Pregnancy or tumor squeezing veins
143
Ischemia
Hypoxia
144
Infarct
Ischemic necrosis (Death of downstream tissues due to vessel narrowing) caused by artery occlusion
145
Embolus
Detached mass carried by blood Thromboemboli most common
146
Cardiogenic shock
Heart Pump failure
147
Hypovolemic shock
Massive blood loss, fluid loss from burns

FoCM (6 decks)

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