week 3

Question 1

describe the development of sociology as a sci

Answer 1

19th century philosophers helped create the modern way of scientifically studying society.

• imperialism, bc of Christianity
• Ind, Revolution- have to know how to navigate ties
• advances in natural sciences

Question 2

officially called sociology, sociology

Answer 2

Auguste Comte

Question 3

theoretical perspectives (3) main

Answer 3

symbolic interaction theory
conflict theory
^ both deal w/ feminism theory
structural functional theory

Question 4

what is theory

Answer 4

a statement about how same parents of the world fit together and how they work
*explanation of how two or more facts are related to each other

Question 5

explain symbolic interaction / is it micro, macro, meso?

Answer 5

micro, interaction between individuals

• people use symbols to develop and share their views of the world
• people interact on the basis of those meanings

Question 6

Symbols

Answer 6

things to which we attach meaning

Question 7

reality is..

Answer 7

a social construction

Question 8

functional-struct theory

Answer 8

functionalists- meso/macro
-think society is composed of various parts (social structure and processes each with a function when fulfilled, contributes to society’s equillibrium

Question 9

who challenged the funct-struct theory?

Answer 9

Robert Merton

Question 10

functional-struct theory example(meso/macro)

Answer 10

functions are consequences of an action or behavior

• manifest function-planned w/ outcome
• latent function: unintended outcome

Question 11

merton believed

Answer 11

structures may be functional and/ or dysfunctional

• some of our social system can be eliminated
• dysfunctional undermines stability

Question 12

what are critiques of functionalism

Answer 12

unable to deal with..

• history(ahistorical)-doesn’t take history unto account
• process of social change
• conflict- tension between people

planned– manifest– get a job,degree
unplanned–latent–unemployment, debt

Question 13

dysfunctions / structural functional theory

Answer 13

-undermines stability

Manifest dysfunctions are anticipated disruptions of social life. For example, a manifest dysfunction of a festival might include disruptions of transportation and excessive production of garbage.

Question 14

conflict theory- prestige

Answer 14

people struggle for scare resources, conflict is inevitable
founders- Karl Mark
class struggle
Harriet Martineau (11 yrs earlier) said social laws as a inequality

Question 15

conflict theory- means of production

Answer 15

radical-

people are divided into classes

Question 16

marx conflict theory

Answer 16

Marx saw conflict as primarily resulting from class conflicts within industry and the economic segment of society. Max Weber (1864-1920) proposed that power, prestige and property also added to social conflict and that such conflict was found in all aspects of society (e.g., politics, gender, and religion).

Question 17

conflict theory- two classes people are divided in

Answer 17

1- bourgeuise (rulers) those who control the means of production
2- proletarial (rules) those who worked the means of production

Question 18

marx’s weber contribution to society

Answer 18

weber agreed w/ marx on

• centrality of economics
• importance of property relations for making social change
• But to Weber conflict was more than just economics*
• ideas affect the economy
• The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism

Question 19

Weber thought

Answer 19

it was not where one stood in relation to the means of production but where they stood in status
*power is the basis of all forms of conflict

Question 20

what else did Weber think about conflict theory?

Answer 20

that real divisions were between the powerful and powerless with gradations in between

• stressed the idea of social change
• groups with power, prestige, privilege try to limit access to other groups and monopolize positions

Question 21

criticisms of conflict theory

Answer 21

has been criticized for igniting order/stability

• ideologically radical (marxist)
• focus on macro and mess

Question 22

feminist theory

Answer 22

Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, fictional, or philosophical discourse. It aims to understand the nature of gender inequality. It examines women’s social roles, experience, interests, chores, and feminist politics in a variety of fields, such as anthropology and sociology, communication, psychoanalysis,[1] home economics, literature, education, and philosophy.

Question 23

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

Answer 23

Deductive reasoning starts with a general theory, statement, or hypothesis and then works its way down to a conclusion based on evidence. Inductive reasoning starts with a small observation or question and works it’s way to a theory by examining the related issues.

Question 24

hypotheses

Answer 24

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

Question 25

inductive

Answer 25

Therefore, inductive reasoning moves from specific instances into a generalized conclusion, while deductive reasoning moves from generalized principles that are known to be true to a true and specific conclusion. The accuracy of inductive reasoning is questionable.

Question 26

A. Sociologists use the scientific method in their research. Steps in the research process include planning, designing, analysis, and conclusion (know the steps)

Answer 26

1. Planning a research study 2. Define the problem clearly 3. Find out what is already known about the topic 4. Formulate hypotheses 5. Operationalize definitions of variables a. Operationalization b. Variables

Question 27

founder of conflict theory

Answer 27

``` karl marx harriet martineau (saw social laws as an inequality) ```

Question 28

emperical research and social theory

Answer 28

theory and research are interdependent! theories tell researchers what facts to look for -researchers use facts to test theories

Question 29

the research project

Answer 29

planning the research study designing the research plan and method for collecting data msking sense of the date

Question 30

planning a study you must

Answer 30

1define the problem clearly -must be specific and precise 2find out what is already known about the topic 3formulate the hyportheses is define variables

Question 31

hypothesis

Answer 31

educated guess about the relationship between two variables which can be tested variables concepts that can vary in frequences of occurance across persons, place, time operationalizing a varibale linking the variable concept

Question 32

hypothesis

Answer 32

educated guess about the relationship between the two variables which can be tested

Question 33

variables

Answer 33

concepts that can vary in frequency of occurance across persons, place, time

Question 34

operationalizing a variable

Answer 34

linking the variable concept to a specific measurement

Question 35

research's aim

Answer 35

to find the causal relationship ways that two variables can be reflected

Question 36

correlation

Answer 36

varibales change together

Question 37

causation

Answer 37

one variable causes another to change

Question 38

independent variable

Answer 38

it causes of change

Question 39

dependent varibable

Answer 39

changes

Question 40

how to design reseach and collect data/ by?

Answer 40

v importants value of a study depends upon the quality of data by surveys, field study, controlled experiment exisitng sources, triangulation,2/more methods

Question 41

examples of survey methods

Answer 41

interviews-phone/person | questionnaire's

Question 42

question types

Answer 42

open ended-what they want to say/elborate | closed ended-respondents must choose from a set of predetermined answers

Question 43

types of study

Answer 43

- non-participation observation - participant observation - ehtonography-uses observation interviews, self reflections, other techniques to pursue any data relvant to research problem-which may evolve over the course of the study

Question 44

field studies-observatio

Answer 44

used to systematically answer and record interaction in the setting where it takes place

Question 45

experiments ?

Answer 45

controleed experiments powerful.true experiment cause/effect and quasi experiment design

Question 46

explained true experiments and quasi

Answer 46

True experiments, in which all the important factors that might affect the phenomena of interest are completely controlled, are the preferred design. Often, however, it is not possible or practical to control all the key factors, so it becomes necessary to implement a quasi-experimental research design.

Question 47

what are elements of a controlled experiment

Answer 47

-research manipulate individual variable- determine its effects other variables- held constant - experimental group subjects that recieves treatment - control group-subjects not exposed to treatment - both groups are compared todetermine the treatment's effects

Question 48

designing research/colleting data invlolves

Answer 48

samples- small group of people/larger pop

Question 49

representative- sampling

Answer 49

accuracy reflects the population being studied so findings can be generalized to the population

Question 50

random-sampling

Answer 50

most common type of representative sample | every person in population

Question 51

analysis

Answer 51

``` develops a report -outline of project -data analysis-summarizing data -conclusions are hypotheses supported by data interpretations and recommendations ```

Question 52

ethical issues in soc. research

Answer 52

sociological research is burned by ethical codes which generally require that.. research subject give informed consent to participate in studies - do not harm/cause harm subject - privacy - protected privavy