Week 3 Flashcards

(37 cards)

1
Q

Name 6 of the Weinberg hallmarks of cancer

A
Resisting cell death
sustaining proliferative signalling
Inducing angiogenesis
Evading growth suppressors
Enabling replicative immortality
Activating invasion and metastasis
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2
Q

Identify 5 risk factors for skin cancers

A

UV radiation
Genetics- e.g. skin type
Age
Chemical exposure-Coal tar pitch, Soot, Creosote, Petroleum products, such as mineral oil or motor oils, Shale oils, Arsenic
immune suppression- Ulcerative colitis and Crohns, immunosuppressant drugs, organ transplant recipients

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3
Q

UVA radiation causes ________ ________ _________ to DNA bases in keratinocytes. Meanwhile UVB causes ________ __________ _______ to keratinocytes. DNA damage also leads to ____________.

A

Indirect oxidative damage
Direct DNA damage
immunosuppression

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4
Q

Those with skin type 1 do not tan because they possess __________ rather than ____________ which absorbs UV less efficiently.

A

Eumelanin

Pheomelanin

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5
Q

What are pyrimidine dimers?

A

Covalent bonding between adjacent

pyrimidines on the same DNA strand

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6
Q

Name the two major types of UVB-induced DNA lesions. How are they normally repaired? What mutation results?

A

Cyclobutene Pyrimidine dimers
pyrimadine-pyrimadone photoproducts
DNA excision repair
CC-TT and C-T

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7
Q

UVA primarily oxidises _________ to _________________. It often mispairs with Deoxyadenosine. They are mainly repaired by _____ _________ _________.

A

deoxyguanosine
8-oxo-deoxyguanosine
base excision repair

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8
Q

Name two drugs which target BRAF mutations in melanoma treatment. Name one that targets MEK

A

Vemurafenib
Dabrafenib
Trametinib

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9
Q

How does Nodular melanoma differ from the three other varieties?

A

It exhibits a vertical growth phase (VGP) only without Radial Growth Phase (RGP). Therefore it is more likely to penetrate the dermis and become malignant.

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10
Q

Metastasis of Malignant Melanoma is likely to effect dermal __________ first then regional _______ ____ and then ___________ spread.

A

lymphatics
lymph nodes
haematogenous

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11
Q

Name the four types of malignant melanoma

A

Lentigo malignant melanoma
Nodular malignant melanoma
Superficial spreading malignant melanoma
Acral lentiginous malignant melanoma

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12
Q

Identify the 5 diagnostic criteria for malignant melanoma

A
Asymmetry of mole
Border irregularity
Colour variation
Diameter >6mm
Elevation
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13
Q

What factors influence the prognosis of malignant melanoma?

A

Breslow depth
Ulceration
lymph node/haematogenous spread

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14
Q

What genetic conditions predispose to skin cancers

A

xeroderma pigmentosa
albinism
Gorlin’s syndrome
Epidermolysis Bullosa

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15
Q

Give an alternative name for freckles

A

Ephilides (Ephelis)

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16
Q

What are freckles? What gene mutation causes it?

A

Patchy increases in melanin pigmentation that occurs after UV exposure
Melanocortin 1 Receptor Gene

17
Q

What are age/liver spots also known as? Where are they distributed and why?

A

Actinic/solar lentigines
hands, forearms, face
UV exposure

18
Q

What is cryotherapy used for?

A

viral warts
seborrheic keratosis
actinic keratosis
skin tags

19
Q

Name the four types of malignant melanoma

A

Lentigo
Nodular
Superficial Spreading
Acral lentiginous

20
Q

What sets apart nodular malignant melanoma from the other varieties?

A

It exhibits a vertical growth phase (VGP) alone whereas the rest show a VGP and a Radial Growth Phase

21
Q

Summarise the diagnostic criteria for malignant melanoma

A
Asymmetry of mole
Border irregularity
Colour variation
Diameter >6mm
Elevation
22
Q

What three factors effect the prognosis of malignant melanoma?

A

Breslow depth?
Evidence of ulceration?
Lymph node/haematogenous spread?

23
Q

What is the ideal treatment of malignant melanoma?

A

Curative excision

24
Q

What is the most common form of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

25
Identify some of the clinical features of BCC?
``` Slow growing node Translucent 'rodent ulcer'-central ulceration of node visible blood vessels locally invasive, minimally metastatic ```
26
Name the four types of BCC
Superficial Nodular Morpheic Pigmented
27
How does squamous cell carcinoma present?
Scaly/crusty (hyperkeratotic) plaques show ulceration located on sun-exposed sites
28
Arsenic ingestion is associated with what skin cancer
SSC
29
Define Melanocytic Naevi
Benign neoplasms of the melanocytes which are either acquired or congenital
30
Acquired melanocytic naevi begin as flat brown _________ and are called _________ naevi. Those that embrace the junction and the dermis are called _________ naevi and by adulthood the raised palpable naevi are called __________ naevi
macules junctional compound intradermal
31
What form of naevi have an increased risk of melanoma?
Atypical (dysplastic) naevi
32
Define a chronic leg ulcer
An open lesion between the knee and ankle joint that remains unhealed for at least 4 weeks
33
Why use ABPI to investigate leg ulceration?
It determines whether the ulceration is a result of arterial disease
34
Identify 5 possible causes of leg ulceration
``` Venous insufficiency (majority) Arterial disease diabetes Rheumatoid arthritis arteriovenous disease ```
35
Identify some of the treatments of leg ulcers
``` Pain relief compression bandaging Manual de-sloughing Leg elevation de-sloughing agents (honey/hydrogel) ```
36
Shingles and chickenpox are caused by infection by what virus?
herpes Zoster virus which lies dormant in cranial nerve/dorsal route ganglia
37
Name the 5 layers of the scalp in order
``` Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loose connective tissue Periosteum ```