Week 3 allergic rhinitis and common cold

Question 1

What is the purpose of the Respiratory Tract?

Answer 1

To provide oxygenation and acid/base balance

Question 2

Providing oxygenation and acid/base balance is the purpose of what bodily system?

Answer 2

The Respiratory System

Question 3

What is the Autonomic Nerve System controlled by?

Answer 3

The Hypothalamus

Question 4

There are 2 branches of the Autonomic Nervous System. What are these 2 branches?

Answer 4

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.

Question 5

The Sympathetic nervous system reduces the thickness of the mucosal layer by doing what?

Answer 5

Constricting the arterioles

Question 6

By constricting the arterioles, the Sympathetic Nervous System does what to the mucosal layer?

Answer 6

REDUCES the thickness of the mucosal layer

Question 7

If the Sympathetic Nervous System constricts the arterioles, what does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do?

Answer 7

Dilates the arterioles

Question 8

What happens to the mucosal layer when the Parasympathetic nervous system is activated?

Answer 8

It INCREASES the thickness of the mucosal layer.

Question 9

Between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system, which one decreases nasal stuffiness, and which one increases nasal stuffiness?

Answer 9

Sympathetic NS will decrease nasal stuffiness by constricting the arterioles, reducing blood flow and shrinking the mucosal layer.

Parasympathetic NS will increase stuffiness and cause a runny nose by Dilating the arterioles, increasing the mucosal layer and blood flow.

Question 10

What lines the nasal cavities and contains immunoglobins and mast cells?

Answer 10

Mucus.

Question 11

What are Mast Cells responsible for?

Answer 11

Histamine release and the allergic response; Allergic Rhinitis

Question 12

What is Allergic Rhinitis started by?

Answer 12

Histamine release by the Mast Cells

Question 13

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa is known as what?

Answer 13

Allergic Rhinitis

Question 14

What is Allergic Rhinitis?

Answer 14

Inflammation of the Nasal Mucosa

Question 15

What causes Allergic Rhinitis?

Answer 15

Exposure to allergy (Antigen) via the Nasal Mucosa; This causes a Histamine release from the nasal Mast Cells.

Question 16

Sneezing, watery eyes and nasal congestion are characterizations of what?

Answer 16

Allergic Rhinitis

Question 17

In relieving Allergic Rhinitis, would you use a drug that targets the Sympathetic or Parasympathetic NS? Why?

Answer 17

Sympathetic NS.

Sympathetic NS relieves stuffiness by constricting the arterioles and shrinking the mucosal area.

Question 18

The easiest way to treat Allergic Rhinitis is through prevention. A preventative measure would be the use of what class of drug?

Answer 18

Prophylactics

Question 19

What are some Prophylactics that you would use to prevent Allergic Rhinitis?

Answer 19

-Antihistamines
-Intranasal corticosteroids
-Mast Cell Stabilizers

Question 20

What is a Histamine?

Answer 20

An Chemical mediator of inflammation released by Mast Cells as a response to Allergens (Antigens)

Question 21

There are two types of Histamines. What are their names? Which is most common?

Answer 21

H1 Receptors and H2 Receptors

H1 is most common

Question 22

Which of the Histamine receptors is responsible for Peptic ulcers? Where are they found?

Answer 22

H2 Receptors

Found in the Gastric mucosa

Question 23

What cells release histamines?

Answer 23

Mast Cells and Basophils

Question 24

A Patient exhibiting strong symptoms like Hypertension, an Edema and Bronchoconstriction may be experiencing what response?

Answer 24

Anaphylaxis

Question 25

Since an Antihistamine is a drug that fights against H1 receptors, what would that make an Antihistamine in regard to Receptor classifications?

Answer 25

An Antagonist

Question 26

A patient is experiencing Allergic Rhinitis. The nurse administers a drug and within one hour, the patient's symptoms are relieved. The patient is now experiencing dry mouth/Mucous Membranes, and lowered congestion and eye tearing. However, the patient has also developed an increased heart rate, constipation, and drowsiness. What was the medication given?

Answer 26

An Antihistamine

Question 27

vertigo & motion sickness, Parkinson’s disease, insomnia, urticarial(hives) are all diseases that can be treated with what prophylactic?

Answer 27

Antihistamines

Question 28

What are some diseases that can be treated by antihistamines, besides Allergic Rhinitis?

Answer 28

vertigo & motion sickness, Parkinson’s disease, insomnia, urticarial(hives)

Question 29

Antihistamines cause anticholinergic effects. What do anti cholinergic effects do?

Answer 29

They stop parasympathetic acetylcholine receptors.

Question 30

What stops Parasympathetic acetylcholine receptors.

Answer 30

Antihistamines; Anticholinergic effect

Question 31

The most popular antihistamine is diphenhydramine. What is the trade name for diphenhydramine?

Answer 31

Benadryl.

Question 32

The 2nd generation of antihistamines are actually less sedative than the 1st generation. What are 3 drugs in the 2nd generation?

Answer 32

-Zyrtec -Allegra -Claritin

Question 33

Zyrtec, Allegra, and Claritin are all examples of what?

Answer 33

2nd Generation antihistamines

Question 34

Which generation of Antihistamines have less sedative effects?

Answer 34

2nd generation

Question 35

What type of anti-inflammatory drug is applied directly into the nasal mucosa?

Answer 35

Intranasal Corticosteroids

Question 36

Glucocorticoids is another name for what?

Answer 36

Intranasal Corticosteroids.

Question 37

What is another name for Intranasal Corticosteroids?

Answer 37

Glucocorticoids

Question 38

An Intranasal Corticosteroid will cause mild vasoconstriction of the nasal mucosa. What does this effect have on the mucosal tissue?

Answer 38

It will reduce the edema and the secretion of inflammatory mediators.

Question 39

If you wanted systemic treatment of Allergic Rhinitis, would you take an antihistamine, or an Intranasal Corticosteroid?

Answer 39

Antihistamine. The Intranasal Corticosteroid is localized and topical, which makes it good for prevention if used daily, but doesn't offer systemic treatment like an antihistamine pill would.

Question 40

Mometasone is an Intranasal Corticosteroid. What is Mometasone's brand name?

Answer 40

Nasonex

Question 41

Decongestants activate which Nervous System?

Answer 41

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 42

A worsening of congestion after therapeutic effects ends is known as what?

Answer 42

Rebound Congestion.

Question 43

Since the use of Decongestants can cause Rebound Congestion, how long should Decongestants be used for?

Answer 43

No longer than 3-5 days

Question 44

Acute Viral Rhinitis is a fancy word for what infection?

Answer 44

The Common Cold

Question 45

Some symptoms of the common cold are thickening of oral mucus, coughing, inflammation of the nasal mucosa, and congestion. Because of this, what are some Therapeutic drugs that should be offered to relieve symptoms?

Answer 45

-Antihistamines for the inflammation mediators -Cough suppressants -Mucosal Thinning meds for the thick expectorants -Decongestants

Question 46

What do Antitussives inhibit?

Answer 46

Coughing

Question 47

What type of medication would be given to inhibit coughing?

Answer 47

An Antitussive

Question 48

If a patient had thick, bronchial secretions, what type of drug would be given to them to loosen the mucus?

Answer 48

A Mucolytic.

Question 49

When Antitussives aren't enough to inhibit a severe cough, what is the next level of drug used?

Answer 49

Opioids.

Question 50

What would a Mucolytic be used to treat?

Answer 50

Thick bronchial secretions in the lungs

Question 51

What do Expectorants and Mucolytics both do for the bronchial system?

Answer 51

Reduce the thickness and viscocity of secretions.

Question 52

Cystic Fibrosis is commonly treated with what type of secretion drug?

Answer 52

Mucolytics.

Question 53

What is the brand name for the most common type of OTC Expectorant?

Answer 53

Mucinex

Question 54

When comparing Expectorants and Mucolytics, which of the two causes the chemical breakdown of mucus molecules?

Answer 54

Mucolytics cause the chemical breakdown of mucus molecules.

Question 55

An example of a Non-opioid Antitussive is Robitussin

Answer 55

An example of a Non-opioid Antitussive is Robitussin

Question 56

An example of an Opioid Antitussive is Hydrocodone

Answer 56

An example of an Opioid Antitussive is Hydrocodone

Question 57

What is an example of a Non-opioid Antitussive?

Answer 57

Robitussin

Question 58

What is an example of an Opioid Antitussive?

Answer 58

Hydrocodone