Week 3 inflammation and fever

Question 1

The bodies defense mechanism that occurs in response to different stimuli is called what?

Answer 1

Inflammation

Question 2

What is Inflammation?

Answer 2

The bodies defense mechanism in response to different stimuli

Question 3

Is the Inflammation response specific or non-specific?

Answer 3

Non-specific

Question 4

What does non-specific response mean?

Answer 4

Inflammation follows the same pattern, regardless of what caused it.

Question 5

What is the purpose of Inflammation?

Answer 5

To contain or destroy microorganisms that invade of the body.

Question 6

What does inflammation attempt to facilitate at the site of injury?

Answer 6

Repair

Question 7

Swelling, pain, warmth and erythema are all signs of what?

Answer 7

Inflammation

Question 8

What are signs of Inflammation?

Answer 8

Swelling, pain, warmth, and erythema

Question 9

What are the 2 classifications of Inflammation?

Answer 9

Acute and Chronic

Question 10

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE),
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and Seasonal allergies are all instances of what classification of Inflammation?

Answer 10

Chronic

Question 11

True or False:
Chronic inflammation is associated with sudden injury/exposure

Answer 11

False

Acute inflammation is associated with sudden injury/exposure

Question 12

Rheumatoid Arthritis is an example of what Inflammation classification?

Answer 12

Chronic

Question 13

Histamines, leukotrienes, bradykinin, and prostaglandins are all examples of what in regard to inflammation?

Answer 13

They are Chemical Mediators

Question 14

What do chemical mediators do?

Answer 14

They act as alarms to surrounding tissues

Question 15

What causes immune cells to release Chemical Mediators?

Answer 15

Damaged tissues

Question 16

What are Cytokines?

a.) Produced by macrophages, leukocytes, and dendritic cells; Mediate & Regulate Immune reactions.
b.) Released by Mast cells; Cause Vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction, swelling and itching
c.) Released by Mast cells; 20 proteins that combine to destroy an Antigen.
d.) Increase capillary permeability and attract WBCs to the site of Inflammation.

Answer 16

a.) Cytokines are made by macrophages, leukocytes, and dendritic cells; Mediate & Regulate Immune reactions.

Question 17

What are Histamines?

a.) Released by Mast cells; 20 proteins that combine to destroy an Antigen.
b.) Released by Mast cells; Cause Vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction, swelling, and itching.
c.) Increase capillary permeability and attract WBCs to the site of Inflammation.
d.) Produced by macrophages, leukocytes, and dendritic cells; Mediate & Regulate Immune reactions.

Answer 17

b.) Histamines are released by Mast cells; Cause Vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction, swelling, and itching.

Question 18

What is a Compliment?

a.) Increase capillary permeability and attract WBCs to the site of Inflammation.
b.) Produced by macrophages, leukocytes, and dendritic cells; Mediate & Regulate Immune reactions.
c.) Released by Mast cells; Cause Vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction, swelling, and itching.
d.) Released by Mast cells; 20 proteins that combine to destroy an Antigen.

Answer 18

d.) Compliments are released by Mast cells; 20 proteins that combine to destroy an Antigen.

Question 19

What is a Prostaglandin?

a.) Increase capillary permeability and attract WBCs to the site of Inflammation.
b.) Produced by macrophages, leukocytes, and dendritic cells; Mediate & Regulate Immune reactions.
c.) Released by Mast cells; Cause Vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction, swelling, and itching.
d.) Released by Mast cells; 20 proteins that combine to destroy an Antigen.

Answer 19

a.) Prostaglandins increase capillary permeability and attract WBCs to the site of Inflammation

Question 20

What molecules in the body are used to detect foreign agents and injury?

Answer 20

Mast Cells

Question 21

What membranes do Mast cells exist under?

Answer 21

Epithelial membranes

Question 22

How do Mast cells respond to injury and foreign invaders?

Answer 22

By releasing Histamines

Question 23

What do the Histamines released by Mast cells do to nearby blood vessels?

Answer 23

Histamines dilate nearby blood vessels

Question 24

By dilating nearby blood vessels, what effect do Histamines have on capillaries?

Answer 24

Histamines make capillaries more permeable by dilating blood vessels.

Question 25

By making the capillaries more permeable, and by dilating blood vessels, what have Histamines allowed for?

Answer 25

The entry of Plasma, Phagocytes, and Compliment proteins into an area of infection to neutralize foreign agents.

Question 26

Upon cellular injury, Mast cells release Histamines, Bradykinin, Compliments and Leukotrienes. These are all types of what?

Answer 26

Chemical Mediators

Question 27

A rapid release of inflammatory mediators on a large scale throughout the body is called what?

Answer 27

Anaphylaxis

Question 28

There are 2 Primary drug classes for non-specific inflammation. What are they?

Answer 28

-NSAIDs -Corticosteroids

Question 29

NSAIDS are indicated for: a.) Mild to moderate pain, inflammation and fever b.) Severe or disabling inflammation c.) Anaphylaxis

Answer 29

a.) NSAIDs are for mild to moderate pain, inflammation and fever

Question 30

Corticosteroids are indicated for: a.) Mild to moderate pain, inflammation and fever b.) Severe or disabling inflammation c.) Anaphylaxis

Answer 30

b.) Corticosteroids are indicated for severe or disabling inflammation

Question 31

what is corticosteroid use indicated for?

Answer 31

Severe or disabling inflammation.

Question 32

What is a NSAID indicated for?

Answer 32

Mild to moderate pain, inflammation and fever

Question 33

After short term use of a corticosteroid to control acute inflammation, what would be the type of drug that a patient would switch to for the continued control of inflammation and fever?

Answer 33

NSAIDs

Question 34

Aspirin and Ibuprofen are examples of what type of drug?

Answer 34

NSAIDs

Question 35

NSAIDs like Aspirin and Ibuprofen have what 3 effects?

Answer 35

Analgesic, Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory effects

Question 36

NSAIDs inhibit Prostaglandins. How?

Answer 36

They inhibit the production of COX enzymes.

Question 37

What enzyme produces Prostaglandins?

Answer 37

COX-Enzymes

Question 38

What kind of cells make up Prostaglandins?

Answer 38

Lipid cells

Question 39

Cyclooxygenase is the unabbreviated word for what?

Answer 39

COX- Enzymes

Question 40

COX-1 is: a.) Serves protective function to all tissues; reduces acid secretion, promotes renal blood flow, promotes platelet aggregation b.) Formed only after tissue injury & serves to promote inflammation

Answer 40

a.) COX-1 serves as a protective function to all tissues; reduces acid secretion, promotes renal blood flow, promotes platelet aggregation

Question 41

COX-2 is formed after what?

Answer 41

Tissue injury

Question 42

What does COX-2 promote?

Answer 42

Inflammation, and Capillary permeability

Question 43

COX-1 promotes what 2 things?

Answer 43

Renal blood flow and platelet aggregation (clotting)

Question 44

Which of the COX enzymes reduces acid secretion?

Answer 44

COX-1

Question 45

1st generation NSAIDs block both COX-1 & 2. What are 2 examples of 1st generational NSAIDs?

Answer 45

Aspirin and Ibuprofen

Question 46

Salicylates have a prolonged and potent effect on what blood cells?

Answer 46

Platelets

Question 47

If you were to choose a drug class to have a potent and prolonged effect on a patient's platelets, what would you use?

Answer 47

Salicylates

Question 48

What class of NSAID drug prevents abnormal clot formation from occurring?

Answer 48

Salicylates

Question 49

What is an example of a Salicylate drug?

Answer 49

Aspirin

Question 50

A patient is experiencing symptoms including tinnitus (ringing in the ears), dizziness, headache, & excessive sweating from high doses of Salicylates. What is the name of the syndrome the patient is experiencing?

Answer 50

Salicylism

Question 51

Which of these NSAIDs have a higher potential for gastric ulceration & bleeding? -Aspirin -Ibuprofen

Answer 51

Aspirin has a higher risk of gastric ulceration and bleeding.

Question 52

What part of the body produces its own corticosteroids?

Answer 52

The Adrenal Cortex

Question 53

Aldosterone and Cortisol, secreted by the Adrenal Cortex, are examples of what?

Answer 53

Naturally made corticosteroids.

Question 54

Sometimes, the use of corticosteroids can override the Adrenal Cortex. How does the Adrenal Cortex respond?

Answer 54

By repressing its own secretions of Aldosterone and Cortisol

Question 55

When a patient goes on corticosteroids, what is an expected response to their blood sugar levels?

Answer 55

Blood sugar will go up, leading to Hyperglycemia

Question 56

A natural defense mechanism for neutralizing (killing) foreign organisms involving body temperature is called what?

Answer 56

A Fever.

Question 57

What is a Fever?

Answer 57

A natural defense mechanism for neutralizing (killing) foreign organismsby incresing body temperature

Question 58

What is an Antipyretic drug used for?

Answer 58

Treating a fever

Question 59

What can prolonged, high Fevers lead to?

Answer 59

-Seizures -Coma -Delerium -A breakdown of bodily tissues

Question 60

What is an SSRI?

Answer 60

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

Question 61

SSRIs can result in "Serotonin Syndrome". What is Serotonin Syndrome?

Answer 61

A Fever resulting from SSRIs that cause changes in mental status and the cardiovascular system.

Question 62

Why might a nurse instruct Asian, African American, or Middle Eastern patients to use caution when taking acetaminophen?

Answer 62

They may have a G6PD enzyme deficiency that causes hemolysis after taking acetaminophen.

Question 63

Deficiency of what enzyme in certain ethnicities causes hemolysis after taking acetaminophen?

Answer 63

G6PD