Week 3: Cardiovascular 1 & Renal

Question 1

Define coronary artery disease

Answer 1

narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart

Question 2

Explain how coronary blood flow is maintained

Answer 2

preload, afterload, absolute refractory period

Question 3

Preload

Answer 3

amount of blood the heart must pump with each beat

Question 4

Afterload

Answer 4

pressure that the heart must generate to move blood into the aorta

Question 5

Absolute refractory period

Answer 5

prevents cardiac contraction until the first is completed

Question 6

Risk factors for coronary artery disease

Answer 6

age, smoking, males, obesity, physical inactivity, stress, diabetes, alcohol

Question 7

Stable angina

Answer 7

precipitated by situations

Question 8

Variant angina

Answer 8

spasm of the coronary artery

Question 9

Unstable angina

Answer 9

more persistent and severe, unpredictable`

Question 10

Pathophysiology of AMI (acute myocardial infarction)

Answer 10

the ischemic death of myo-cardial tissue, area of infarction determined by the coronary artery affected & its distribution of blood flow

Question 11

P wave

Answer 11

atrial depolarization

Question 12

PR interval

Answer 12

conduction delay in the AV node

Question 13

QRS complex

Answer 13

ventricular depolarization

Question 14

ST segment

Answer 14

time period between ventricular depolarization and repolarization

Question 15

T wave

Answer 15

ventricular repolarization

Question 16

What does the acronym ISBAR stand for

Answer 16

identify, situation, background, assessment, request

Question 17

Criteria for a MET call

Answer 17

distressed airway, breathing 30bpm, circulation SBP < 90mmHg >200mmHg PR 130bpm, v level of consciousness, <50ml urine output

Question 18

CPR acronym

Answer 18

DRABCD, danger, background, airways, breathing, compression, defibulator

Question 19

Indications for ECG

Answer 19

chest pain, history of palpitations, cardiac disease, life threatening conditions, collapse, overdose, envenomation

Question 20

5 types of ECG monitoring

Answer 20

continuous, 12 lead electrocardiography, ambulating, stress testing, telemetry

Question 21

Cardiac patient immediate interventions

Answer 21

oxygen, ECG, reassurance, positioning, auscultation of chest, bloods

Question 22

Observations for cardiac patient

Answer 22

vitals, pain assessment, assess cardiac monitoring, general appearance

Question 23

Significant differences between sinus rhythm and atrial fibrillation

Answer 23

sinus rhythm, 60-100 bpm, regular, strong. AF, irregular, fast, weak, pain, weakness, nausea, vomiting

Question 24

Risks for patients who remain in AF

Answer 24

thromboembolism, other arrhythmias, activity intolerance

Question 25

Follow up care for cardiac patient

Answer 25

reassurance, education, repeat ECG

Question 26

Purpose of a cardiac angiogram

Answer 26

assess the state of blood vessels, narrowing and occlusions

Question 27

Discharge information for cardiac patient

Answer 27

lifestyle changes, preventative medications, signs and symptoms

Question 28

4 anatomical differences between male and female urethra

Answer 28

m:20cm, F:7cm, male penis has mucousal folds so catheter can become lodged, m:J curve, F: straight, males have many nerve endings

Question 29

3 reasons for catheterizing a patient

Answer 29

monitor fluid status, retention, muscle dysfunction, narrowed urethra

Question 30

When would you wear sterile gloved rather than regular gloves

Answer 30

complex dressings, sterile procedures, surgery, invasive procedures, internal examinations

Question 31

4 advantages of suprapubic catheter

Answer 31

urethra maintained, allows normal voiding to return, reduce pain and discomfort, reduce urethral trauma, easier access for cleaning and changes, greater freedom sexually

Question 32

4 disadvantages of suprapubic catheter

Answer 32

risk of bowel perforation, infection, swelling, granulation of catheter site, pain and discomfort, bladder stone formation, urethral leakage