Week 3 - Cellular Organisation II

Question 1

Are proteins macromolecules

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

What are the building blocks of proteins

Answer 2

Amino Acids, Nucleic Acids

Question 3

How many Amino Acids are there

Answer 3

20

Question 4

What are chains of Amino Acids, larger then 10-15 called

Answer 4

Polypeptides

Question 5

What are chains of Amino Acids, larger then 50 called

Answer 5

Proteins

Question 6

What determines what kind of protein something is

Answer 6

the Amino Acid Sequence

Question 7

What is the Amino Acid Sequence determined by

Answer 7

DNA

Question 8

What does Organic mean

Answer 8

Contains Carbon

Question 9

What do all Amino Acids have in their base structure

Answer 9

Central Carbon, An Amino Group (NH2), Carboxyl Group (COOH)

Question 10

What is an Amino Group chemically made up of

Answer 10

NH2

Question 11

What is a Carboxyl Group chemically made up of

Answer 11

C-O-OH

Question 12

What is the R group of an Amino Acid

Answer 12

The unique structure of the molecule

Question 13

What is the biproduct of 2 amino acids becoming a peptide bond

Answer 13

H2O

Question 14

What is a Peptide Bond

Answer 14

the result of losing OH (taken from Carboxyl Group) and H (Taken from An Amino Group) after they bond, leaving CO (Carboxyl Group) to bond with NH (Amino Group)

Question 15

What is ALWAYS the first amino acid in ANY Protein

Answer 15

Methionine

Question 16

What is the start Codon

Answer 16

the first Amino Acid structure in a protein (always Methionine)

Question 17

What is the structure of Nucleic Acids

Answer 17

Nucleotides

Question 18

What are the 2 Classifications of Nucleic Acids

Answer 18

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid), RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Question 19

What is the unabbreviated name for DNA

Answer 19

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 20

What is the unabbreviated name for RNA

Answer 20

Ribonucleic Acid

Question 21

Where is DNA found

Answer 21

Nucleus

Question 22

What is made up of 2 Nucleotide Chains, twisted together

Answer 22

DNA

Question 23

What is the Helical Backbone

Answer 23

The outer parts/structure of the Double Helix of DNA

Question 24

What is the Helical Backbone made out of

Answer 24

Phosphate and Deoxyribose

Question 25

What are the components of Nucleotides

Answer 25

Monosaccharides, Phosphate Groups (backbone), Nitrogenous Base

Question 26

What are Nitrogenous Bases

Answer 26

Single or Double ring of Carbon and Nitrogen atoms

Question 27

What are the 5 Nitrogenous Bases

Answer 27

Guanine (G), Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)

Question 28

How many Double ring Nitrogenous Bases are their

Answer 28

2

Question 29

How many single ring Nitrogenous bases are their

Answer 29

3

Question 30

What are the names of the Double Ring Nitrogenous Bases

Answer 30

Guanine (G), Adenine (A)

Question 31

What are the names of the Single Ring Nitrogenous Bases

Answer 31

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)

Question 32

What are the Matching Pairs of Nitrogenous Bases

Answer 32

Adenine (A) and Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G)

Question 33

What does RNA stand for

Answer 33

Ribonucleic Acid

Question 34

If you see a DNA sequence like GCUAACGUAGGC, is this DNA or RNA

Answer 34

RNA, Because of the Uracil

Question 35

What does Uracil partner with

Answer 35

Adenine (A)

Question 36

in RNA what does Cytosine (C) partner with

Answer 36

Guanine (G)

Question 37

Is RNA double helix'd or Single Chained

Answer 37

Single Chained

Question 38

Where does RNA mainly function

Answer 38

Cytoplasm

Question 39

When does the PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Process Begin

Answer 39

Protein Synthesis begins when a small copy of a gene called messenger RNA (mRNA) is made from the DNA in the Nucleus

Question 40

What is the process from DNA -> mRNA called

Answer 40

Transcription

Question 41

What is the process from mRNA -> Protein called

Answer 41

Translation

Question 42

What comes first between Translation and Transcription

Answer 42

Transcription

Question 43

What is the name of the gene that the Transcription Process always starts on

Answer 43

Start Codon

Question 44

What is the name of the enzyme that "unzips" the DNA to reveal the genes nitrogenous bases

Answer 44

Helicase

Question 45

What is the Helicase

Answer 45

An enzyme that "unzips" the DNA double helix exposing the genes nitrogenous bases

Question 46

What is the name of the enzyme that "reads" the gene code and creates a parallel molecule of mRNA

Answer 46

RNA Polymerase

Question 47

What is RNA Polymerase

Answer 47

An enzyme that "reads" the gene code and creates a parallel molecule of mRNA

Question 48

What happens when RNA polymerase enzyme encounters Thymine (T)

Answer 48

adds Adenine (A) base to newly made mRNA

Question 49

What happens when RNA polymerase enzyme encounters Guanine (G)

Answer 49

adds Cytosine (C) base to newly made mRNA

Question 50

What happens when RNA polymerase enzyme encounters Cytosine (C)

Answer 50

adds Guanine (G) base to newly made mRNA

Question 51

What happens when RNA polymerase enzyme encounters Adenine (A)

Answer 51

adds Uracil (U) base to newly made mRNA

Question 52

What happens in the Translation Stage

Answer 52

The mRNA strand produced during transcription is now read and translated into amino acid chains by ribosomes - 3 nucleotides at a time (codons)

Question 53

What is a Codon

Answer 53

Three-bade segment of mature mRNA strand

Question 54

What is the Start Codons Amino Acid equivalent (AUG)

Answer 54

Methionine

Question 55

What's a tRNA molecule

Answer 55

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is brought in when ribosomes read a codon. they then bind with onto said codon and have a complimentary ANTICODON

Question 56

What is an Anticodon

Answer 56

3 base series complementary to the codon (found on tRNA)

Question 57

What is the Anticodon to GCU

Answer 57

CGA

Question 58

What is original codon for the ANTICODON GUG

Answer 58

CAC

Question 59

What are the 3 STOP CODONS

Answer 59

UAA, UAG, UG

Question 60

How long does the translation phase go on for

Answer 60

Until it reaches a stop codon

Question 61

What is a stop codon

Answer 61

1 of 3 codons that ends the translation phase causing the ribosomes to end the cycle

Question 62

What happens when a Ribosomes hits a Stop Codon

Answer 62

It releases the new protein and detaches from the mRNA

Question 63

What organelle sorts proteins, by adding carbs or other components, until it finally splits from vesicles

Answer 63

Golgi Complex

Question 64

What are the Vesicles called where the protein leaves the Golgi Complex

Answer 64

lysosomes

Question 65

What are the 5 organelles used in protein synthesis and secretion

Answer 65

Nucleus, Rough ER, Ribosomes, Golgi Complex, Lysosomes

Question 66

what is the structural hierarchy of a cells genes

Answer 66

Chromatin > Chromosomes > DNA > Genes

Question 67

What are the 4 main phases of Cell Cycle

Answer 67

Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2, Mitosis

Question 68

How long does the cell cycle take

Answer 68

Length of cell cycle varies considerably depending on cell type

Question 69

What happens in the First Gap Phase

Answer 69

Cells complete normal tasks, Centrioles begin to get replicated

Question 70

What is the sole purpose of the Synthesis Phase

Answer 70

DNA Replication

Question 71

What is the Synthesis Phase process

Answer 71

Helicase splits DNA, 2 DNA Polymerase enzyme reads the base sequence (in opposite directions) on each backbone of the DNA. this creates one strand old DNA and a newly made strand per NEW DNA MOLECULE

Question 72

What happens in the Second Gap Phase

Answer 72

Machinery getting ready for mitotic phase

Question 73

What is the Interphase of the Cell Cycle

Answer 73

Everything but the Mitotic Phase (G1, S, G2)

Question 74

What is the Mitotic Phase

Answer 74

The process of duplicating cells

Question 75

What are the 4 Phases of Mitosis

Answer 75

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase/Cytokinesis

Question 76

What happens in the Prophase

Answer 76

Preparation for end goal mitosis

Question 77

What happens in the Anaphase

Answer 77

Centrioles attach to centromeres on chromosomes and pull in half

Question 77

What happens in the Metaphase

Answer 77

Lining chromosomes in the MIDDLE to be split

Question 78

What happens in the Telophase

Answer 78

The creation of the 2 daughter cells, separation of DNA, Cytokinesis

Question 79

What happens in Cytokinesis

Answer 79

The separation of the Cytoplasm

Question 80

What is the end goal of mitosis

Answer 80

Splitting a cell into 2 daughter cells

Question 81

What are Centrioles

Answer 81

An organelle that helps cells divide (anaphase)