Week 3 day 2

Question 1

enzyme

Answer 1

speeds up reaction by lowering activation energy.

• does not get used up
• cannot make unfavorable reaction favorable.

Question 2

Michaelis Menten equation

Answer 2

V= (V_max * S)/km+S

S= substrate concentration

V = rate of reaction (enzyme productivity)

km = constant

Vmax = constant

Question 3

Glucose

Answer 3

C₆H₁₂O₆

Has 4 chiral centers and 16 isomers.

Functional group: Aldehyde

Question 4

Left sided glucose isomer

Answer 4

Hydroxyl group bottom Carbon on left side, Hydrogen on Right

Not used in lhuman body

Question 5

metabolic pathways of glucose

Answer 5

1. glycogen
2. glycerol (a part of fat)
3. pyruvate
4. DNA, RNA

Question 6

Glycolysis

Answer 6

breaks down glucose and forms 2 pyruvate with the production of two molecules of ATP.

*one mole of glucose produces two moles of lactate

*different isomers of glucose can join the pathway at different points.

**in process you lose 6 H which cause acidosis. Glycolysis is anaerobic, does not use oxygen.

Question 7

metabolism amino acids

Answer 7

amino acids become proteins which can become:

cell structure

communication/signaling molecules

enzymes

Question 8

metabolism carbohydrates

Answer 8

carbohydrates can become:

structural membranes

signaling molecules

energy!

Question 9

metabolism lipids

Answer 9

Lipids can become:

cell membranes

signaling molecules

energy!

Question 10

nucleic acid

Answer 10

made from combination of amino acids and carbohydrates

Question 11

K_m

Answer 11

The Michaelis Menten constant which shows the concentration of the substrate when the reaction velocity is equal to one half of the maximal velocity of the reaction.

Question 12

enantiomers

Answer 12

two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other but not superimposable.

Question 13

pyruvate

Answer 13

Formed from glucose through glycolysis.

Can become protein or become Acetyl-CoA and go through Krebs cycle.

Question 14

Fructose

Answer 14

C₆H₁₂O₆

3 chiral carbons

8 isomers

Functional group: ketone

Question 15

Answer 15

glucose

Question 16

Answer 16

Mannose

Question 17

Answer 17

galactose

Question 18

Answer 18

ribose

Question 19

How many ATP from glucose?

Answer 19

Glycolysis only: 2

glycolysis, electron transport chain, and krebs: 34-36

Question 20

Things that can leave TCA cycle at any time:

Answer 20

Glutamate

fatty acids

purines

heme

pyrimidines

Question 21

glucose calorie content

Answer 21

386 (kcal/mol)/ 180 (g/mole) = 3.8 kcal/g

Question 22

Palmitate (fat) calorie count.

Answer 22

9 kcal/g

Question 23

Respiratory exchange Quotient (ratio)

Answer 23

Ratio between the amount of CO₂ produced from metabolism and the amount of O₂ used.

*diet of pure carbs (glucose)- 6/6 = 1.0

Every O₂ in = 1 CO₂ out

*diet of pure protein (palmitate) 16/23 = 0.7

every O₂ in = 0.7 CO₂ out

Question 24

mRNA

Answer 24

messenger RNA

Brings the info from the DNA to the ribosome.

It is the long chain that forms after the DNA splits.

Ends with AAAA chain.

Question 25

rRNA

Answer 25

forms the ribosome in the nucleolus

Question 26

tRNA

Answer 26

Brings the amino acid to the appropriate spot on the mRNA chain to form the protein.

Question 27

exon

Answer 27

segment of DNA or RNA that contains a coding sequence for the protein.

Question 28

intron

Answer 28

segment of DNA or RNA that has no code for the protein. Interrupts the sequence of genes and gets thrown out.

Question 29

A&T

Answer 29

Adenine and Thymine makes two hydrogen bonds

Question 30

G&C

Answer 30

Guanine and Cytosine makes three hydrogen bonds

Question 31

3' vs 5'

Answer 31

3 end has the third carbon available for bonding, 5 end has the fifth carbon available for bonding.

Question 32

frame shift mutation

Answer 32

the codon gets shifted by one letter and all the rest of the codons are wrong.

Question 33

3 parts of amino acids

Answer 33

amino group carboxylic acid group side chain

Question 34

ATP from one mole of stearic acid

Answer 34

120

Question 35

denature

Answer 35

destroying the characteristic properties of a protein with heat or acidity and disrupting its molecular conformation

Question 36

5 carbon sugars

Answer 36

Ribose arabinose Xylose

Question 37

5 steps of protein synthesis

Answer 37

1. activation of tRNA 2. initiation 3. elongation 4. termination 5. folding and post-translational processing

Question 38

aspartic acid Glutamic acid

Answer 38

Negative side chain COOH^-->COO^- acids are hydrogen donors

Question 39

Arginine Lysine Histidine

Answer 39

Positive side chain

Question 40

Uncharged polar side chain

Answer 40

Asparagine Glutamine Serine Threonine Tyrosine

Question 41

Elements of tertiary structure of proteins

Answer 41

1. Disulfide bonds (curly hair, insulin)--strongest 2. Hydrogen bonds 3. Salt bridges- stronger than H, not as strong as S 4. Hydrophobic interactions- weakest overall but affects all structions