Week 3 Dissociative Disorders Psychophysiological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A
  • Group of psychiactric syndromes
  • Involuntary and unhealthy
  • Disruptions in aspects of Consciousness, identity, memory, motor behavior, or environmental awareness.
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2
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

The conscious behaviours we do allow us to destress/decompress. WE have the ability to pull out of that. Someone with dissociative disorders cannot control it.

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3
Q

Dissociative Disorders- DSM-IV-TR

A
  • Dissociative amnesia
  • Dissociative fugue
  • Depersonalization disorder
  • Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified
  • Dissociative identity disorder
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4
Q

Dissociate disorder…also known as?

A

also known as multiple personality disorder. can be HUNDREDS of personalities. Used to manage an overwhelming stressor.

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5
Q

Why do the personalities form?

A

Unconscious attempt to wall off the overwhelming stressors…memories of trauma. Not one traumatic event…a series.

Dissociation: Unconscious process of “walling-off” of emotions and memory
Personality “fragments” due to trauma
Alters develop to “protect” the individual
Failure to integrate aspects of identity, memory, and feeling states

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6
Q

Disruption in the consciousness processes

A

sudden disruption in consciousness, identity, or memory.
Blocks of time are lost.
Involuntary process-no decisional process.

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7
Q

Assessment and characteristics

A
  • Presence of two or more personalities
  • Inability to recall key personal data
  • Personalities reveal themselves at intervals
  • Depression/Mood Swings
  • Suicidal ideation
  • Sleep disorders (sleep is frightening to them)
  • Anxiety
  • Substance abuse (self medicates)
  • Loss of time-amnesia
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8
Q

Will an individual with DD remember their childhood?

A

Likely not. If their childhood is when the trauma occurred, they will not recall that period of their life.

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9
Q

Call ‘alter’s change the age/gender/overall health of the individual?

A

Yes! An adult can have a baby alter, a woman can have male alters and vise versa. Some alters may need glasses, or have high blood sugar.

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10
Q

Are personality disorders the same thing as dissociative disorders?

A

NO! TRUE dissociative disorder is a rare diagnosis.

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11
Q

Mental Status Exam - Appearance

A

wide variation of facial expression during one meeting

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12
Q

Mental Status Exam - Mood

A

anxious, depressed, or “feels empty”

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13
Q

Mental Status Exam - Memory

A

amnesia for certain events or periods

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14
Q

Mental Status Exam - Perception

A

depersonalization (their self is in a dream world…doesn’t actually exist), derealization (external world is not real…a dream)

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15
Q

Nursing Diagnoses

A
Anxiety
Ineffective coping
Personal identity disturbance
Sensory perceptual alterations
Altered thought processes
Powerlessness
Risk for self harming behaviors
Ineffective role performance
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16
Q

Planning/Intervention

A

Establishing the therapeutic alliance (might need to do this each time for each personality)
Minimize risk for violence, self or other directed
Contracting with alters for safety
Encourage healthy functioning
Providing safe environment fosters integration

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17
Q

How can you provide a safe environment

A

Encourage expression of feelings

Help to recognize that alters are a part of host

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18
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

Anxiolytics may reduce anxiety symptoms…very small dose of trazodone. vistaril. depakote. neurontin…none of these produce dependence/tolerance/addiction
Antidepressants may reduce dysphoria and depressive symptoms
Mood stabilizers may help regulate mood fluctuations
Antipsychotics for symptoms of psychotic proportion.

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19
Q

Can dissociative disorder be voluntary?

A

NO if it’s voluntary, then it’s not real. Dissociate disorder is an involuntary event.

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20
Q

What one medication treats DD?

A

None…best you can do is treat the symptoms. Keep a close eye out for self-medicating.

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21
Q

Milieu Therapy…reintegration

A
Safe, consistent environment
Clear boundaries and they're all going to be different boundaries for each alter
Group therapies
Hypnosis
Expressive therapies
Ongoing supportive psychotherapy
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22
Q

Risk to self

A

Prone to self-harm…cutters. Highly suicidal.

23
Q

Psychophysiological Disorders

A

Mind body connection
Emotional influences physical
Physical influences emotional
Comorbidity lengthens illness

24
Q

Psychophysiological Disorders (voluntary or involuntary?)

A

some can be voluntary, some are involuntary

25
Physiological Health Problems
``` Cardiovascular Musculoskeletal Respiratory Gastrointestinal Genitourinary Endocrinologic ```
26
Type "C" personality related to..
incidence of cancer repression of negative emotions, passivity, apologetic, overly cooperative, low self esteem, needs of others placed before self...all this is linked to incidence of cancer
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Somatoform Disorders
``` Somatization disorder Conversion disorder Pain disorder Body dysmorphic disorder Hypochondriasis ```
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Factitious disorders
munchausen's | munchausen's by proxy
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Somatoform disorders produce
real physical symptoms that cannot be medically explained
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Factitious disorders are
abnormal cognitive patterns that are related to how a person thinks and feels in relation to the their physical surroundings. They THINK there is a problem, and there IS a problem...but the individual created it. It can be evaluated medically.
31
Primary Gain
``` Exempt from usual activities (if you're sick, you don't go to work/school) Not responsible for illness Expected to desire health Expected to seek assistance Expected to cooperate with plan of care ```
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Primary gain is the direct
benefit from having that illness
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Secondary Gain
``` Indirect benefit of illness (you get lay down and watch tv all day) Increased attention Treats and special privileges Not responsible for illness Recipient of care and nurturing ```
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When you desire the secondary gain
dependency needs that haven't been met at some point in a particular way
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Etiology
Genetic Biochemical Psychodynamic Learning Theory
36
Somatoform disorders
Physical symptoms not fully explained by a medical condition Symptoms do cause impairment or distress ****Symptoms are not intentionally produced****
37
Somatoform disorder example
Exam the next day, you FEEL sick. (but no fever, etc)
38
Somatization disorder
``` Physical complaints Cannot be explained medically Usual onset before age 30 Extends to a period over years Pain, GI, Sexual, Neuro symptoms Symptoms are not intentionally produced 0.2-2% women, 0.2% men, prevalence ```
39
Conversion Disorder
Voluntary motor/sensory functions Symptom is initiated or exacerbated by stressor Symptoms not intentionally produced Symptoms cannot be explained medically Impaired social, occupational, or role functioning “La belle indifference”
40
"La belle indifference"
very matter-a-fact about the situation. i woke up and I can't walk. Meh.
41
Pain disorder
Pain requiring clinical focus Causes distress in social, occupational or role function Psychological factors contribute to onset Not intentionally produced Not accounted for by a Mood, Anxiety or Psychotic disorder
42
Body dysmorphic disorder
Unrealistic focus regarding a deformed or defective feature Excessive grooming to disguise Clinically significant impairment of social, occupational or role function Not better accounted for by another disorder
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Somatoform Disorder : Nursing Diagnosis
Ineffective/maladaptive coping Disturbance in self perception Fears of chronic disease Disturbance in sensory perception
44
Nursing intervention
``` Identify gains provided by symptoms Clear review of objective findings Regular supportive brief contacts Hear concerns regarding emotional pain Incentive to resolve symptoms Support healthy function- no focus on disability ID maladaptive coping- teach adaptive strategy ID episodes of increased symptoms ```
45
Nursing interventions, cont
``` Establish therapeutic alliance Non judgmental approach Careful documentation Behavioral therapy Individual and/or group psychotherapy Psychopharmacology Team management of boundaries ```
46
Evaluation
Recognition of symptoms Replace maladaptive coping with adaptive strategies Verbalize relationship of increased anxiety to increased symptoms Increased role function Acceptance of self
47
Factitious Disorders
Conscious fabrication of physical or psychological disorder symptoms Need to be seen as ill, impaired Often co-morbid with personality disorders Does not preclude true disorder Diagnosis *always* implies psychopathology
48
Munchausen's syndrome
Predominant physical symptoms Signs and symptoms of an apparent medical condition Life revolves around obtaining care Disorder limited only by patient’s ability to maintain the symptoms Chronic disorder- lifelong pattern
49
Munchausen's by proxy
Intentional production of symptoms in another (usually a child or a dependent individual) Goal is indirect assumption of sick role Usual co-morbidity personality disorder
50
Can munchausen's and/or munchausen's by proxy be treated?
No...treatment is unsuccessful
51
Munchausen's by proxy...what happens to the dependent?
Prognosis is poor if child remains with offending adult | Prognosis is good if child is separated from offending adult
52
Nursing Approach - assessment
Thorough, written team approach | Documentation of communications, behaviors
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Nursing approach plan/intervention
Communicate among the team Care provided by team members Teaching
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nursing approach evaluation
Team communication with family