Week 3: Elicited Behaviours and Classical Conditioning

Question 1

Elicited Behaviour

Answer 1

A behaviour that is drawn out by a preceding stimulus.

Question 2

Reflex

Answer 2

A relatively simple, automatic response to stimuli.

Question 3

Startle Response

Answer 3

Defensive reaction to sudden, unexpected stimulus.

Automatic tightening of skeletal muscles and hormone and visceral changes.

Question 4

Orienting Response

Answer 4

Automatically positioning oneself to facilitate attending to a stimulus.
Relatively major body movement.

Question 5

Flexion Response

Answer 5

Automatically jerk body part away from hot/sharp object.

Question 6

Reflex Arc

Answer 6

Neural structure underlying simple reflexes that consist of a sensory neuron, interneuron (spinal cord), and a motor neuron.

Question 7

Fixed Action Patterns

Answer 7

Fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus. Ex: spider building a web.

Question 8

Sign stimulus/Releaser

Answer 8

Specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern.

Question 9

Habituation

Answer 9

Decrease in strength of an elicited response following repeated presentation of eliciting stimulus.

Question 10

Sensitization

Answer 10

Increase in strength of an elicited response following repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus.

Question 11

Short-Term Habituation

Answer 11

Response quickly decreases from repeated stimulation and ability to respond quickly recovers in absence of stimulation.
Presentation narrowly spaced/Continuous.

Question 12

Long-Term Habituation

Answer 12

Response slowly decreases from repeated stimulus and ability to respond slowly recovers in absence of stimulus.
Presentation widely spaced.

Question 13

Sensitization v Habituation

Answer 13

Sensitization generalizes to other stimuli.

Habituation stimulus specific - small changes elicit response. (Coolidge effect).

Question 14

Dishabituation

Answer 14

Habituated responses reappearing following the presentation of seemingly irrelevant, novel, stimulus.

Question 15

Low-Intensity Stimulus

Answer 15

Habituation.

Question 16

High-Intensity Stimulus

Answer 16

Sensitization. Typically significant/dangerous.

Question 17

Opponent-Process Theory

Answer 17

An emotional event elicits two competing processes: an a-process (primary) directly elicited by event, a b-process (opponent) elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract it. Homeostasis.

Question 18

4 Characteristics of O-P Theory

Answer 18

1. a-process correlates closely with presence of the emotional event.
2. b-process is slow to increase and decrease.
3. repeated presentation of the emotional event will result in stronger and longer b-process.
4. a-process and b-process tend to be hedonically opposite.

Question 19

Classical Conditioning

Answer 19

A stimulus comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with another stimulus.
Also Pavlovian or Respondent conditioning.

Question 20

Conditional Trial

Answer 20

Pairing of NS and US during conditioning.

Question 21

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 21

Naturally elicits a response.

Question 22

Unconditioned Response

Answer 22

Response naturally elicited.

Question 23

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 23

Initially neutral, comes to elicit a response because of pairing.

Question 24

Conditioned Response

Answer 24

Elicited by conditioned stimulus. Never identical to UR.

Question 25

Appetitive Conditioning

Answer 25

US is an appetitive event. Pleasurable.

Question 26

Aversive Conditioning

Answer 26

US is an aversive event. Unpleasurable.

Question 27

Conditioned Suppression or Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)

Answer 27

Measuring the suppression of a conditioned response when an aversive stimulus is present to measure rate of fear in animals.

Question 28

Excitatory Conditioning

Answer 28

NS is associated with the presentation of US, CS comes to elicit a certain response. CS+

Question 29

Inhibitory Conditioning

Answer 29

NS associated with absence of or removal of US. CS comes to inhibit occurrence of certain response. CS-.

Question 30

Delayed Conditioning

Answer 30

Onset of NS precedes onset of US and overlap. Best arrangement for conditioning.

Question 31

Interstimulus Interval (ISI)

Answer 31

Time between onsets.

Question 32

Trace Conditioning

Answer 32

Onset and offset of NS precedes onset of US without overlap. Almost as effective as delayed if trace internal is short.

Question 33

Trace interval

Answer 33

Time between offset of NS and onset of US.

Question 34

Simultaneous Conditioning

Answer 34

Onset of NS and US at the same time - no opportunity to use NS for prediction.

Question 35

Backward Conditioning

Answer 35

Onset of NS follows onset of US. Least effective. Inhibitory conditioning.

Question 36

Temporal Conditioning

Answer 36

Classical conditioning where CS is passage of time.

Question 37

Pseudoconditioning

Answer 37

Mistaking an elicited response to be conditioned when it is only sensitized.

Question 38

How to combat pseudoconditioning

Answer 38

Control groups where NS and US are presented separately and comparing it to an experimental group.