Week 3: From Moral Principles to Ethics Code

Question 1

IDENTIFICATION:

In 1998, a medical journal called ____ __________ published an article of interest to many psychologists.

Answer 1

The Lancet

Question 2

TRUE OR FALSE:

The researchers claimed to have shown a statistical relationship between receiving the combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the development of autism — suggesting furthermore that the vaccine might even cause autism

Answer 2

TRUE

Question 3

TRUE OR FALSE:

The issues with Andrew Wakefield’s research were indeed extensive and serious.

Answer 3

TRUE

Question 4

ENUMERATION:

Besides the manipulation of data and failure to disclose conflicts of interests, what are the additional problematic aspects uncovered on Andrew Wakefield’s research?

Answer 4

1. Financial Conflicts of Interest
2. Research Methodology
3. Ethical Concerns
4. Reproducibility
5. Public Health Impact

Question 5

IDENTIFICATION:

Branch of philosophy that is
concerned with morality

Answer 5

Ethics

Question 6

TRUE OR FALSE:

Ethics can also refer to a set of principles and practices that provide moral guidance in a particular field

Answer 6

TRUE

Question 7

IDENTIFICATION:

set of 10 principles written in 1947 in conjunction with the trials of Nazi physicians accused of shockingly cruel research on concentration camp prisoners during World War II

Answer 7

Nuremberg Code

Question 8

IDENTIFICATION:

Provided a standard against which to compare the behavior of the men on trial

Answer 8

Nuremberg Code

Question 9

TRUE OR FALSE:

Nuremberg Code was particularly clear about the importance of carefully weighing risks against benefits and the need for informed consent

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

IDENTIFICATION:

Similar ethics code that was created by the World Medical Council in 1964

Answer 10

Declaration of Helsinki

Question 11

IDENTIFICATION:

Among the standards that the Declaration of Helsinki added to the Nuremberg Code was that research with human participants should be based on a _______ _________?

Answer 11

Written Protocol

Question 12

IDENTIFICATION:

a detailed description of the research—that is reviewed by an independent committee.

Answer 12

Protocol

Question 13

TRUE OR FALSE:

The Declaration of Helsinki has been revised several times, most recently in 2005.

Answer 13

FALSE; it was revised most recently in 2004

Question 14

IDENTIFICATION:

a set of federal guidelines in the United States that concerns about the Tuskegee study and others led to the publication in 1978

Answer 14

Belmont Report

Question 15

TRUE OR FALSE:

Belmont Report explicitly recognized the principle of seeking justice, including the importance of conducting research in a way that distributes risks and benefits fairly across different groups at the societal level.

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

IDENTIFICATION:

helps to make sure that the risks of the proposed research are minimized, the benefits outweigh the risks, the research is carried out in a fair manner, and the informed consent procedure is adequate.

Answer 16

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Question 17

TRUE OR FALSE:

IRB must consist of at least five people with varying backgrounds, including members of different professions, scientists and nonscientists, men and women, and at least one person not otherwise affiliated with the institution

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

ENUMERATION:

What are the Federal Regulations’ Three Levels of Risk?

Answer 18

• Exempt Research
• Minimal Risk Research
• Atrisk Research

Question 18

MULTIPLE CHOICE:

All of these are the characteristics of Exempt Research EXCEPT:

a. research on the effectiveness of normal educational activities

b. can receive an expedited review by one member of the IRB or by a separate committee under the authority of the IRB that can only approve minimal risk research

c. the use of standard psychological measures and surveys of a nonsensitive nature that are administered in a way that maintains confidentiality

d. research using existing data from public sources.

Answer 18

b. can receive an expedited review by one member of the IRB or by a separate committee under the authority of the IRB that can only approve minimal risk research

Question 19

IDENTIFICATION:

exposes participants to risks that are no greater than those encountered by healthy people in daily life or during routine physical or psychological examinations

Answer 19

Minimal Risk Research

Question 20

TRUE OR FALSE:

In Minimal Risk Research, a study can can receive an expedited review by seven members of the IRB or by a separate committee under the authority of the IRB that can only approve minimal risk research

Answer 20

FALSE; only one member of the IRB

Question 21

IDENTIFICATION:

Poses greater than minimal risk and must be reviewed by the IRB

Answer 21

Atrisk Research

Question 22

IDENTIFICATION:

Also known as the APA Ethics Code

Answer 22

APA’s Ethical Principles of
Psychologists and Code of Conduct

Question 23

TRUE OR FALSE:

APA Code includes about 150 specific ethical standards that psychologists and their students are expected to follow

Answer 23

TRUE

Question 24

**TRUE OR FALSE:** much of the APA Ethics Code concerns the **industrial practice** of psychology

Answer 24

**FALSE;** it concerns the **clinical practice**

Question 25

**IDENTIFICATION:** means **obtaining and documenting people’s agreement** to participate in a study.

Answer 25

Informed Consent

Question 26

**TRUE OR FALSE:** Although the process of obtaining informed consent often involves having participants read and sign a consent form, it is important to understand that **this is not all it is**

Answer 26

TRUE

Question 27

**TRUE OR FALSE:** Informed consent also means that having **informed them of everything** that might reasonably be expected to affect their decision

Answer 27

TRUE

Question 28

**TRUE OR FALSE:** APA Code was **first published in 1963** and has been revised several times since then, most recently in 2002

Answer 28

**FALSE;** it was first published in 1953

Question 29

**ENUMERATION:** Deception of participants in psychological research can take a variety of forms. What are those?

Answer 29

* misinforming participants about the purpose of a study * using confederates * using phony equipment like Milgram’s shock generator * presenting participants with false feedback about their performance

Question 30

**IDENTIFICATION:** This is the **process of informing research participants as soon as possible** of the purpose of the study, revealing any deception, and correcting any other misconceptions they might have because of participating.

Answer 30

Debriefing

Question 31

**TRUE OR FALSE:** Debriefing also involves **minimizing the harm** that might have occured

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

**IDENTIFICATION:** These include the obvious points that researchers must not fabricate data or plagiarize.

Answer 32

School Integrity

Question 33

**IDENTIFICATION:** Using others' words or ideas **without** proper acknowledgment.

Answer 33

Plagiarism

Question 34

**IDENTIFICATION:** generally means **indicating direct quotations with quotation marks and providing a citation** to the source of any quotation or idea used

Answer 34

Proper acknowledgment

Question 35

**ENUMERATION:** Give the 5 standards out of 15 of the **Standard 8: Research and Publication**

Answer 35

* 8.01 Institutional Approval * 8.02 Informed Consent to Research * 8.03 Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research * 8.04 Client/Patient, Student, and Subordinate Research Participants * 8.05 Dispensing with Informed Consent for Research * 8.06 Offering Inducements for Research Participation * 8.07 Deception in Research * 8.08 Debriefing * 8.09 Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research * 8.10 Reporting Research Results * 8.11 Plagiarism * 8.12 Publication Credit * 8.13 Duplicate Publication of Data * 8.14 Sharing Research Data for Verification * 8.15 Reviewers

Question 36

**IDENTIFICATION:** What standard numbers are about informed consent?

Answer 36

* 8.02 Informed Consent to Research * 8.03 Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research * 8.04 Client/Patient, Student, and Subordinate Research Participants * 8.05 Dispensing with Informed Consent for Research

Question 37

**IDENTIFICATION:** What standard number is about Debriefing?

Answer 37

* 8.08 Debriefing

Question 38

**TRUE OR FALSE:** **Standard 8.09** is about the humane treatment and care of nonhuman animal subjects

Answer 38

TRUE

Question 39

**IDENTIFICATION:** What standard numbers are about informed consent?

Answer 39

* 8.10 Reporting Research Results * 8.11 Plagiarism * 8.12 Publication Credit * 8.13 Duplicate Publication of Data * 8.14 Sharing Research Data for Verification * 8.15 Reviewers