Week 3 - Inflammation

Question 1

Goal of inflammation

Answer 1

respond to stimuli -> restore balance

Question 2

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 2

1. pain
2. heat
3. redness
4. swelling
5. loss of function

Question 3

Sequence of events during an acute inflammatory response

Answer 3

• damaged cells and immune cells at the site of injury release chemical mediators

Question 4

Action of chemical mediators in acute inflammatory response

Answer 4

• Pain response: bind to nearby nociceptors
• Vascular response: vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
• cellular response: attract immune cells to the site of injury (chemotaxis)

Question 5

Role of Platelets in inflammatory response

Answer 5

release blood-clotting proteins at the wound site (if needed)

Question 6

Role of mast cells in inflammatory response

Answer 6

secrete chemical mediators

Question 7

Role of neutrophils in inflammatory response

Answer 7

migrate to the site and secrete factors that kill pathogens, phagocytosis to remove pathogens and debris

Question 8

Role of macrophages in inflammatory response

Answer 8

secrete cytokines, phagocytosis to remove pathogens and debris

Question 9

Role of fibroblasts in inflammatory response

Answer 9

build connective tissue as part of the healing process

Question 10

Mast cell chemical mediators

Answer 10

• histamine
• prostaglandins
• Leukotrienes

Question 11

Macrophages chemical mediators

Answer 11

• cytokines (interleukins and lymphokines)

Question 12

Platelets chemical mediator

Answer 12

• platelet activating factor

Question 13

Plasma proteins - chemical mediators

Answer 13

• bradykinin
• complement system
• prothrombin & fibrinogen
• C-reactive protein (CRP)

Question 14

Histamine role

Answer 14

vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Question 15

Prostaglandins role

Answer 15

vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, fever, pain

Question 16

Leukotrienes role

Answer 16

vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis

Question 17

Cytokines (interleukins & lymphokines) role

Answer 17

fever, chemotaxis, leukocytosis

Question 18

Platelet-activating factor role

Answer 18

platelet aggregation

Question 19

Bradykinin role

Answer 19

vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, pain, chemotaxis

Question 20

Complement system role

Answer 20

vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis, potentiate histamine release

Question 21

What is exudate?

Answer 21

interstitial fluid collected in the area of inflammation

Question 22

Serous exudate characteristics

Answer 22

watery, fluid + small amounts of protein and white blood cells

Question 23

Fibrinous exudate characteristics

Answer 23

thick and sticky, higher cell and fibrin content

Question 24

Purulent exudate characteristics

Answer 24

thick and yellow-green colour, higher white blood cells and cell debris
- may also contain microorganisms
- suggests bacterial infection

Question 25

Hemorrhagic exudate characteristics

Answer 25

blood vessels damaged

Question 26

What is an abscess

Answer 26

pocket of purulent exudate in a solid tissue

Question 27

Changes in the blood with inflammation: Leukocytosis

Answer 27

increased numbers of white blood cells, especially neutrophiles

Question 28

Changes in the blood with inflammation: differential count

Answer 28

proportion of each type of white blood cells altered, depending on the cause

Question 29

Changes in the blood with inflammation: Plasma proteins

Answer 29

increased fibrinogen and prothrombin

Question 30

Changes in the blood with inflammation: C-reactive protein and other cytokines

Answer 30

a protein not normally found in the blood, but appears with acute inflammation and necrosis within 24-48 hours

Question 31

Changes in the blood with inflammation: Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Answer 31

elevated plasma proteins increase the rate at which red blood cells settle in a sample

Question 32

Changes in the blood with inflammation: Cell enzymes

Answer 32

released from necrotic cells and enter tissues fluids and blood: may indicate the site of inflammation

Question 33

Non-pharmaceutical treatments for inflammation

Answer 33

- compression - cold - hot - elevation - rest/avoid further trauma in acute phase

Question 34

What are the potential healing fates for inflammation?

Answer 34

- resolution - regeneration - replacement

Question 35

Inflammatory fate - resolution

Answer 35

damaged cells recover

Question 36

inflammatory fate - regeneration

Answer 36

damaged cells are a cell type that can divide by mitosis and can therefore be replaced by an identical type

Question 37

Inflammatory fate - replacement

Answer 37

damaged cells replaced by connective tissue (scar tissue) loss of function in this area

Question 38

What immune cells infiltrate in acute inflammation

Answer 38

mainly neutrophils

Question 39

What immune cells infiltrate in chronic inflammation?

Answer 39

monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes

Question 40

Chronic inflammation etiology

Answer 40

- acute inflammation that is unable to resolve - low level exposure to an irritant or foreign material - autoimmune disorders - defect in cells responsible for mediating inflammation - inflammatory and biochemical inducers causing oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction

Question 41

Non pharmaceutical treatment of chronic inflammation

Answer 41

- nutrition - aerobic and resistance exercise - sleep quality and quantity - stress reduction