Week 3 Reading

Question 1

Keegan et al., 2010 - What did Deci and Ryan 2000 say about motivation in sport?

Answer 1

It is the key determinant behind every action taken and every effort exerted

Question 2

Keegan et al., 2010 - According to Wylleman et al 2004, what are the three stages that atheists pass through?

Answer 2

Initiation / sampling stage

Specialising phase

Investment / mastery phase

Question 3

Keegan et al., 2010 - what is the initiation / sampling stage?

Answer 3

Early career is characterised by participants who are generally prompted to try a number of different sports to see if they either enjoy them, have some talent, or perhaps both.

Question 4

Keegan et al., 2010 - what is the specialisation phase?

Answer 4

Tends to occur from around the age of 11-12 years

Tend to focus on one or two sports in which they specialise, learning the key skills, tactics and rules.

Question 5

Keegan et al., 2010 - what is the investment / mastery stage?

Answer 5

Can begins from approximately 15 yrs of age

Defined by a heavy and exclusive focus on deliberate practice, specialist coaching in a single sport, and markedly decreased parental involvement.

Question 6

Keegan et al., 2010 - within AGT (Nicholls 1989) sports participants immediate goals for achievement are determined by the interaction of what?

Answer 6

Goal orientation - a proneness in individuals towards adopting certain goals

Situational climate - the specific situational and contextual circumstances in which the achievement task is defined

Question 7

Keegan et al., 2010 - What do performance (ego) goals emphasise?

Answer 7

Normative evaluations and outperforming others

Question 8

Keegan et al., 2010 - What do mastery (task) goals emphasise?

Answer 8

Effort, personal improvement, and task mastery

Question 9

Keegan et al., 2010 - what do Stuntz & Weiss 2002 argue?

Answer 9

Sport is often highly public and therefore inherently linked with social considerations.

Question 10

Keegan et al., 2010 - what was the objectives of the study?

Answer 10

To qualitatively examine the motivationally relevant behaviours of key social agents in specialising sports participants.

Question 11

Keegan et al., 2010 - what was the methods used in the study?

Answer 11

79 participants (9-18yrs old) from 26 sports participated in semi structured focus groups investigating how coaches, parents and peers may influence motivation.

Question 12

Keegan et al., 2010 - why was a focus group approach chosen?

Answer 12

To maximise the experience within each group and also to meet child protection and ethical considerations.

Question 13

Keegan et al., 2010 - an inductive content analysis indicates what key findings?

Answer 13

Specialising athletes perceived a multitude of motivationally relevant social cues.

Coaches and parents influences were related to their specific roles; instruction/assessment for coaches, support and facilitation for parents.

Peers influenced motivation through competing behaviours, collaborative behaviours, evaluative communications, and social relationships.

Question 14

Keegan et al., 2010 - what were some other findings?

Answer 14

Coaches and parents were also reported to influence motivation by using behavioural reinforcement.

Regarding both parents and coaches, autonomy support was generally reported as having a positive influence on motivation, whereas a controlling style was often reported in relation to feelings of frustration, anger, undermined motivation.