Week 3 (theories and measurements of intelligence) Flashcards
what did thorndike say that intelligence was?
“let intellect be defined as that quality of mind in respect to which aristotle, Plato, Thucydides and the like differed to most athenian idiots of the say”
What did Binet and Simon say that intelligence was?
“it seems to us that there is a fundamental faculty of intelligence, any alteration or lack of which is of the utmost importance for practical life”
“This judegement is also known as common sense, good sense and the ability to adapt onself to life”
“to judge well, to reason well, to comprehend well are essential ingredients”
What did terman define intelligence?
The ability to carry out abstract thinking
What did Gardner say about intelligence?
There are multiple intelligences and our standard intelligence tests ail to identify them
what does sternberg define intelligence as?
The ability to learn from experience and adapt to ones environment
According to Sternbergs excercise, what did lay people say intelligence consists of?
practical problem solving
Verbal ability
Social competence
According to Sternbergs excercise, what did arts experts say intelligence consistst of?
- knowledge
- ability to use knowledge to weigh up possible alternatives
- To see analogies
According to Sternbergs excercise, what did buisness experts say intelligence consists of?
- think logically
- focus on essential aspects of a problem
- follow others arguments and see where they lead
According to Sterbergs excercise, what did philosophy experts think intelligence consists of?
- critical and logical abilities
- ability to follow complex arguments
- ability to find errors in arguments and generate new arguments
According to Sternbergs excercise, what did physics experts think intelligence consists of?
- precise mathematical thinking
- ability to relate physical phenomena to the laws of physics
- to grasp the laws of nature quickly
what was catells approach to measuring intelligence
intelligence can be measured by measures of sensory aquity and reaction time
what was binets approach to measuring intelligence
- they aimed to seperate a childs natural intelligence from instruction/teaching
- they argue that age can be used as an independent criterion for measuring intellectual intelligence
- therefore a child could be measured as advance or backward for their age
What was termans appraoch to measuring intelligence
- Terman adapted binets argument to children in california and introduced a measure of IQ
- IQ = mental age/chronological age * 100
what was Weschlers formula for IQ
IQ= (actual test score * 100) / expected score
what was Spearmans approach to measuring intelligence
- all correlations between IQ tests are positive
- factor analysis will therefore yield a general factor of intelligence that accounts for this
- spearman refers to this general factor (g) as a ‘mental energy’
what was eysencks definition of ‘G’
Intelligence is a function of the fidelity and speed of transmission of neural signals
What was Andersons definition of G?
- general intelligence cannot be specific to any domain of knowledge
- it must therefore either be a function of a cognitive control process that is present in all domains, or a non-cognitive physiological property of the brain
Describe Cattels Crystillised and Fluid intelligences
CRYSTALLISED INTELLIGENCE:
- aquired knowledge and skills
- increases through life
- includes: volcabulary size, verbal fluency, working memory, numerical ability
FLUID INTELLIGENCE:
- primary reasoning ability; ability to solve abstract relational problems
- free of cultural influences
- includes: analogical reasoning, working memory, executive control
Describe Thurstones multifactor approach to intelligence
- argues that ‘g’ results from 7 primary abilities:
1. Associative memory; ability for rote memory
2. Numberical
3. Perceptual speed
4. Reasoning
5. Spatial abilities
6. Verbal comprehension
7. word fluency
What were Gardners 9 distinct intelligences?
Linguistic Logical Mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily kinaestetic Intrapersonal Interpersonal Naturalist (ability to interact with nature) Existentialist
Describe the Stanford Binet IQ test?
- focussed on a series of 30 short tasks related to everyday life
- e.g coin counting and word definitions
- These tests can determine a childs mental age
Describe the Weschler IQ test
- initially standardised among 2000 adults
- includes features such as digit span, block design, picture completion
Describe Ravens Progressive Matrices
- based on spearmans G
- includes the abstract ability to draw relationships between objects, events and information and draw inferences from those relationships
- It was designed to minimise the influence of culture and language
Describe some problems with IQ tests
- the predictive strength of IQ tests varies over time, demographics and context
- examiner errors on the Weschler test have been shown to impact scores
