week 4 Flashcards
(49 cards)
what are tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)
these drugs target tumours carrying specific mutations in adenocarcinoma (a non-small-cell lung cancer)
how is radiotherapy to the brain given
radiotherapy to the brain is given prophylactically (“prophylactic” treatment is anything that is given to prevent something) as it is known that SCLC frequently spreads to the brain.
what has the protein content of 3g/dl
this describes the protein content of an exudative effusion, which is caused by inflammation.
what can liver failure cause
transudative pleural effusion
liver failure alters the protein composition of blood, and therefore alters the balance in oncotic pressure that maintains constant volume in the pleural cavity. This is therefore a process of fluid accumulation due to a change in filtration rather than inflammation, so causes a transudative effusion.
what is PTH a feature of
sqaumous cell lung cancer
what is stage IV
designates the development of distant metastases
what percentage of smokers will develop lung cancer
10%
what is radical treatment
any treatment given with the intent to cure the cancer
what leeds to voice hoarseness
recurrent laryngeal nerve damage
what will happen to the air filled cavity produced after a pneumonectomy
it will eventually fill with fluid
what type of lung cancer is faster growing
SCLC - it has a doubling time of 29 days
whereas NSCLC has a doubling time of 129 days
what type of pleural effusion does heart failure cause
left ventricular failure causes pulmonary vascular congestion, which forces more fluid into the pleural space. It is therefore a transudative process that causes the pleural effusion seen in heart failure.
what type of pleural effusion does rheumatoid arthritis cause
exudative, Rheumatoid arthritis is a multi-system inflammatory disease, and the fluid accumulates due to inflammatory changes.
what is prevelance of smoking cigarettes correlated to
economic deprivation, adults in the most deprived postcodes are three times more likely to smoke than adults in the least deprived postcodes.
what would happen to the position of the mediastinum in lung collapse
it would shift towards the abnormal side, collapse involves loss of volume, so it creates a pulling force on the mediastinum, causing it to deviate towards the side of the collapsed lung.
where do most pleural tumours arise from
most pleural tumours are metastatic deposits from cancer elsewhere – often lung or breast cancers.
what is the pressure of pleural fluid
pleural fluid has a slight negative pressure, with the lowest pressure being at the apex. This negative pressure helps keep the surfaces of the lung, pleura and thoracic cavity adherent and facilitates breathing.
what are Ectopic ACTH secretion and SIADH effects of
endocrine effects of small cell lung cancer.
ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone
SIADH = Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion
what are paraneoplastic syndromes
hormonal or chemical changes that occur in the body due to lung cancer, often as a result of the secretion of hormones by the primary tumour itself, or through immune system stimulation.
where is a sqaumous cell carcinoma of the lung more likely to arise
squamous cell epithelium lines the larger central airways, and so this tumour type tends to arise centrally.
does smoking increase the risk of bladder cancer
smoking does not just increase risk of lung cancer. Bladder cancer risk is increased three-fold by smoking (and the relative risks of many other cancers are also increased).
what symptoms of lung cancer can radiotherpy be used to treat
bony pain (from metastases) and haemoptysis can be improved by palliative radiotherapy.
where is adenocarcinoma of the lung more likely to arise
bronchioalveolar epithelial stem cells transform and undergo atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, developing into adenocarcinoma in situ and then invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung. This epithelium is found in small airways, so this cancer is more likely to arise peripherally.
what does putting sterile talcom powder in the pleural cavity do
provokes an inflammatory reaction, which causes the visceral and parietal pleura to fuse, preventing recurrence of pleural effusion.
