Week 4

Question 1

the design of products, environments, and communications to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design.

Answer 1

universal design

Question 2

name the 7 principles of universal design.

Answer 2

1. equitable use
2. flexibility in use
3. simple and intuitive use
4. perceptible information
5. tolerance for error
6. low physical effort
7. size and space for approach and use

Question 3

• the design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities.
• provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible; equivalent when not
• avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users
• provisions for privacy, security, and safety should be equally available to all users
• make the design appealing to all users

Answer 3

equitable use (principle one)

Question 4

the design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities

Answer 4

flexibility in use (principle 2)

Question 5

use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user’s experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.

Answer 5

simple and intuitive use (principle 3)

Question 6

the design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions of the user’s sensory abilities

Answer 6

perceptible information (principle 4)

Question 7

the design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions

Answer 7

tolerance for error (principle 5)

Question 8

the design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue

Answer 8

low physical effort (principle 6)

Question 9

appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user’s body size, posture, or mobility.

Answer 9

size and space for approach and use (principle 7)

Question 10

not specific to every population - more catered to individuals with disabilities and their access and needs

Answer 10

accessible design

Question 11

accessible for all, what is best for the majority of the population

Answer 11

universal design

Question 12

a combination of outliers between accessible and universal design; combination of both

Answer 12

inclusive design

Question 13

branch of science that deals with the people and their working environment

Answer 13

ergonomics

Question 14

ergos

Answer 14

work

Question 15

nomos

Answer 15

natural laws

Question 16

name the 4 domains of specialization.

Answer 16

• physical
• cognitive
• organizational
• environmental

Question 17

concerned with human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological, and biomechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity.

Answer 17

physical ergonomics

Question 18

name the 4 aspects of the primary domain of physical ergonomics for OTs.

Answer 18

• body mechanics
• posture
• manual handling
• repetitive/static tasks

Question 19

concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system.

Answer 19

cognitive ergonomics

Question 20

name 4 relevant topics of cognitive ergonomics.

Answer 20

• mental workload
• decision-making
• skilled performance
• human-computer interaction

Question 21

concerned with the optimization of sociotechnical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes.

Answer 21

organizational ergonomics

Question 22

studies the interaction of people and their physical environment.

Answer 22

environmental ergonomics

Question 23

name 4 relevant topics of environmental ergonomics.

Answer 23

• lighting
• climate
• sound
• vibrations

Question 24

workstation, equipment, tools, machinery

Answer 24

engineering/design

Question 25

work-flow, staffing, job rotations, productivity standards

Answer 25

administrative design

Question 26

disease/disability, individual change management, biomechanics, psychosocial

Answer 26

worker-based design

Question 27

pertaining to man or human beings

Answer 27

anthropo

Question 28

the science that defines physical measures of a person's size, form, and functional capacities.

Answer 28

anthropometry

Question 29

used to study the interaction of workers with tasks, tools, machines, vehicles, and PPE

Answer 29

anthropometric measurements

Question 30

why is anthropometry important?

Answer 30

designs that are incompatible with normal anthropometric measurements of a workforce may result in unintended consequences

Question 31

name the 10 fundamental principles of ergonomics.

Answer 31

1. work in neutral postures 2. reduce excessive force 3. keep everything in reach 4. work at proper height 5. reduce excessive motions 6. minimize fatigue and static load 7. minimize pressure points 8. provide clearance 9. move, exercise, and stretch 10. maintain a comfortable environment

Question 32

name 3 main important purposes of ergonomics.

Answer 32

1. increases productivity 2. reduces the cost 3. improves the quality of the work

Question 33

ergonomics are concerned with the interaction between which 3 factors?

Answer 33

- personal factors - machine/tool factors - environmental factors

Question 34

individual characteristics of the worker

Answer 34

personal factors

Question 35

tools and biomechanical demands needed to perform job tasks

Answer 35

machine/tool factors

Question 36

stress level, job design, organizational, and environmental issues

Answer 36

environmental factors

Question 37

name some factors relevant to the machine and tool use in a job.

Answer 37

biomechanical and behavioral demands required to use the tools/machines to perform tasks

Question 38

name 3 factors relevant to the environment.

Answer 38

- psychological stress - work design problems - physical environment

Question 39

result when the physical/cognitive demands are problematic due to organization or environmental rules/constraints

Answer 39

work design problems

Question 40

in order to investigate ergonomics we should start by considering which component?

Answer 40

the person

Question 41

when performing work activity, potential for injury increases when tasks stray further from what?

Answer 41

normative body postures

Question 42

name the 2 main concerns of universal design.

Answer 42

accessibility and safety

Question 43

name the domains of specialization in which OTs mainly focus on.

Answer 43

- physical - cognitive - environment

Question 44

we should always focus on what first?

Answer 44

the person

Question 45

breadth = ____

Answer 45

width

Question 46

a leaning backrest or chair back should be no more than how many degrees?

Answer 46

15 degrees, if it has to be more than 15 degrees you should alter monitor height

Question 47

a wrist rest should be no wider than how many inches?

Answer 47

4 inches

Question 48

when you change one feature you must go back and change what else?

Answer 48

other aspects as well

Question 49

name 6 ways in which we evaluate MSDs.

Answer 49

- force gauges | - tape measurements - distance, length, width, goniometer, dynamometers

Question 50

describe positioning of the feet during office ergonomics.

Answer 50

feet should be flat on the ground

Question 51

describe 2 ways to allow feet to rest on the ground during office work.

Answer 51

- adjustable chair | - foot rest

Question 52

items in zone 2 should be how many inches away from one's chair?

Answer 52

16 and 24 inches

Question 53

items in zone 3 should be how many inches away from one's chair?

Answer 53

anything past 24 inches (overhead stuff, cabinets)

Question 54

distance to tip of fingers if elbow is flexed at edge of desk

Answer 54

usual work

Question 55

monitor usually goes in this spot

Answer 55

non-working area

Question 56

what is the key term with ergonomics?

Answer 56

INTERACTION between person and environment