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PSYC211 > WEEK 4 > Flashcards

WEEK 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is self-monitoring?

A

How much does your public self differ from your

private self?

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2
Q

High Self-Monitors tend to…

A 
(Tailors self for the situation)
• Good at acting
• Talkative
• Initiates humour
• Expressive facial expressions
• Social poise
  • Better in job interviews
  • Make more new friends
  • More social influence
  • More likely to lie to get a date

• More susceptible to external feedback

  • Fake heartbeat study (more attracted to
    women) –> fast fake beat –> think they like them
  • good for first impressions but bad for long term relationships when people find out what you’re really like
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3
Q

Low Self-Monitors tend to…

A 
(Little change for situation)
• Distrusting
• Perfectionists
• Irritable
• Anxious
• Introspective
• Independent
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4
Q

Personality tests are…

A

Inherently relativistic

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5
Q

What is a Personality Trait?

A

An adjective used to describe a person’s tendencies across time and context.

  • Trait is distributed amongst people (Variance)
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6
Q

Individual differences are usually….

A

Larger than group differences

e.g. Dan may be 30cm taller than Lauren, but on average men are only 10cm taller than women

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7
Q

Difference between Traits & Types?

A

• Trait is distributed amongst people (Variance)
- you can lie on a scale (high or low of a trait)

• Types are qualitatively different

  • you either are it or aren’t it
    e. g. you’re Disney princess is Snow White
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8
Q

The distribution of most traits take the form of a…

A

Bell curve (normal distribution)

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9
Q

What is Artificial dichotomizing?

A

Take a trait that should be treated as a continuous trait
e.g. the scale of extraversion

And split you into which type you are based on which half you fall into
e.g. scored 49% for extroversion = introvert

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10
Q

What is wrong with the Myers-Briggs test?

A

• It does Artificial dichotomizing

• Although it is popular in the business
world, it is not often used in research

• It has poor validity
- Attempts to measure Jung’s personality
types

  • In the real world, there are rarely
    dichotomies
    - Usually people fall somewhere in the middle
    - Traits used are not necessarily opposing
    (Thinking and feeling)

• It has poor reliability
- It will give different results for the same
person on different occasions

• Links between Myers-Briggs types and
manager effectiveness has been
unimpressive

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11
Q

What is the Single-Trait Approach?

A
  • Study one personality trait at a time
  • What are people with that trait like?
  • E.g. self-monitoring
  • Problem: 17000+ potential traits to study (4500 excluding synonyms)
  • Pros: Comprehensive
  • Cons: Complex! No generalization.
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12
Q

What is Religiosity?

A
  • Self report: Religious people more moral
  • Behaviour: No difference in treatment of others, sometimes worse due to entitlement
  • Religiosity: higher self-control, better at avoiding personal vices
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13
Q

What is the Lexical Hypothesis?

A

For any significant personality trait there will be a term to describe it in any or all of the languages of the world

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14
Q

What is the essential trait approach?

A

• Group traits into meta-traits

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15
Q

Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model included which 3 basic traits?

A
  1. Psychoticism
    • Aggressive, lacking empathy, egocentric, antisocial,
    impulsive
  2. Extraversion
    • Sociable, lively, active, dominant, sensation-seeking
  3. Neuroticism
    • Low emotional stability
    • Anxious, guilty, moody, low self-esteem, irritable
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16
Q

How many traits did Cattell’s Taxonomy have?

A

16

17
Q

What is the big 5 personality traits?

A

OCEAN

  1. Openness
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Extraversion
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Neuroticism
18
Q

Extraverts…

A
  • Talk more
  • Use more eye contact
  • Are physically stronger

• Engage in more risky behaviors
- Ex: gambling, fast driving

• Are more sexually active

  • Like studying in social places
  • Perform better than introverts under distraction
  • Perform better on tasks that require divided attention
  • Focus on speed over accuracy
19
Q

Why are extraverts often able to maintain positive moods and mis-remember being in a good mood?

A

• Extraverts are more sensitive to dopamine

  • Neurotransmitter associated with pleasure
  • Dopamine gets a stronger response from extraverts
20
Q

Introverts….

A

Perform better on tasks that require attention
• Have better long-term memory
• When learning, tend to focus on accuracy over speed
• Have better academic performance and critical thinking (but not IQ)
• Better at delaying gratification
• Better leaders when subordinates are proactive

21
Q

Those high in agreeableness…

A
  • Prefer harmonious situations (avoid conflict)
  • Enjoy helping others
  • Cooperative
  • Are trusting
  • Are sympathetic
  • Good at judging other people’s minds
  • Make better lovers and friends
  • Make better parents
  • Less likely to be involved in bullying
22
Q

Those LOW in agreeableness:

A
  • Are more aggressive
  • More likely to respond with anger when things don’t go well
  • Engage in social conflict
  • Assert power to resolve social conflict
23
Q

Are there any downsides to agreeableness?

A

• Maybe—anecdotally they’re less likely to join a rebellion against Nazis

24
Q

Those HIGH in conscientiousness…

A 
• Punctual, reliable, hard work, diligent, follow through
• Do not procrastinate
• Follow rules
• Have higher GPAs
• Higher job satisfaction
• Set high standards for themselves
• Better at sticking to long-term goals
e.g. sticking to gym routine
25
Q

Those LOW in conscientiousness…

A
  • Procrastinate
  • Perform poorly in school and work
  • Aren’t as good at sticking to long-term goals
  • More risky sexual behaviors
  • More likely to get arrested
26
Q

Those HIGH in openness

A

• Openness correlated with IQ (.32)

• More likely to go sky diving
• More likely to get tattoos
• Try new foods
• Have more vivid, memorable, problemsolving, and
prophetic dreams
• More likely to commit infidelity
• Hold more unconventional beliefs (ghosts, astrology)

27
Q

Those LOW in openness:

A
  • Prefer structure
  • Prefer the familiar
  • Prefer predictability
  • More likely to be conservative
  • Cautious about change
28
Q

Those High in neuroticism

A
  • Experience negative emotions
  • Mood swings
  • Get more worked up about life’s stressors
  • Experience more grief/depression after death of loved one
  • Greater sexual anxiety (ex: worried about performance)
• More frequent suicidal ideation
• Worse physical health
• More likely to get divorced
• More likely to develop PTSD after traumatic events
• More likely to use alcohol to cope
• Have more dissociative experiences:
 - Feeling disconnected from life
 - Inability to remember important life events
29
Q

Those LOW in neuroticism….

A
  • Keep calm in stressful situations
  • Are less affected by life’s stressors
  • Have better professional success
  • Less likely to get divorced
30
Q

What has been found about neuroticism and age?

A

• People become less neurotic as they age!

31
Q

What is the Neurotic cascade?

A

Hyperreactivity (things fluster you easily)

Differential Exposure (more likely to get flustered by things throughout your life)

Differential Appraisal (think differently –> when flustered –> think of it as a bigger problem than it is)

Mood Spillover (stress about one thing spills over into stress about another thing)

Poor Coping (leading to poor coping)

32
Q

What is Neuroticism upside?

A

People higher in neuroticism are more likely to notice something dangerous happening (e.g. smoke coming out of a door) and do something about it

PSYC211 (12 decks)

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