week 4

Question 1

numbers that summarize information related to health.

Answer 1

Health Statistics

Question 2

usedto understand risk factors for communities, track and monitor diseases, see the impact of policy changes, and assess the quality and safety of health care. This is a form of evidence, or facts that can support a conclusion.

Answer 2

Health Statistic

Question 3

is thestudyof thedistributionanddeterminantsofhealth-related states or eventsinspecified populations, and theapplicationof this study to the control of health problems.

Answer 3

Epidemiology

Question 4

series is the Department of Health’s (DOH) annual publication that compiles statistics on vital health events. It provides comprehensive summary of the country’s current statistics on Natality, Morbidity and Mortality.

Answer 4

Philippine Health Statistics (PHS)

Question 5

arenationally-representative household surveys that provide data for a wide range of monitoring and impact evaluation indicators in the areas of population, health, and nutrition.

Answer 5

Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)

Question 6

The basis of the registration of vital events regarding births and deaths is

Answer 6

Republic Act No. 3753 otherwise known as the Civil Registry Law.

Question 7

isthe description of a population according to characteristics such as age and sex.

Answer 7

Population composition

Question 8

is the description of the characteristics of a group of people in terms of factors such as their:
-age,
sex,
marital status,
education,
occupation, and
relationship to the head of household.

Answer 8

Population composition

Question 9

The way in which people are spread across a given areais known as

Answer 9

population distribution

Question 10

A measurable characteristic thatdescribes: – the health of a population (e.g., life expectancy, mortality, disease incidence or prevalence.

Answer 10

Health indicators

Question 11

arequantifiablecharacteristics of a population which researchers use as supporting evidence for describing thehealth of a population.

Answer 11

Health indicators

Question 12

isthe annual number of live births per 1,000 population.

Answer 12

crude birth rate

Question 13

It indicatesthe number of deaths per 1,000 midyear population. In long definition it indicates the number of deaths occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear.

Answer 13

Crude death rate

Question 14

isthe number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births.

Answer 14

Infant Mortality Rate

Question 15

refers to deaths due to complications from pregnancy or childbirth.

Answer 15

Maternal mortality

Question 16

is defined asthe number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time period. (WHO)

Answer 16

maternal mortality ratio (MMR)

Question 17

isa mortality rate limited to a particular age group. The numerator is the number of deaths in that age group; the denominator is the number of persons in that age group in the population.

Answer 17

age-specific mortality rate

Question 18

Refers to having a disease or a symptom of disease, or to the amount of disease within a population.

Answer 18

Leading cause of morbidity

Question 19

refers to medical problems caused by a treatment

Answer 19

Morbidity

Question 20

The most frequently occurring causes of mortality (usually 10) under which the greatest number of deaths have been reported during a given year.

Answer 20

Leading cause of mortality

Question 21

refers tothe number of years a person can expect to live.

Answer 21

Life expectancy

Question 22

is based on an estimate of the average age that members of a particular population group will be when they die.

Answer 22

Life expectancy

Question 23

What is the main health problem in the Philippines?

Answer 23

Breast canceris the leading cause of death among Filipino women, and the Philippines has the highest number of breast cancer incidents among 197 countries in the world.

Question 24

What are the issues and challenges of the healthcare industry in the Philippines?

Answer 24

In the Philippines, the healthcare industry faces many issues such as:
changing medical needs,
rising costs, and
lack of infrastructureand it is sacrificing the quality of services being offered to patients.

Question 25

How can the Philippine healthcare system be improved?

Answer 25

1. Improve hospitals and health facilities.  2. Employ more health workers (doctors, nurses, and midwives).  3. Increase PhilHealth enrollment and improve PhilHealth benefits.  4. Reduce maternal and infant deaths. 5. Reduce non-communicable diseases.  6. Reduce and prevent cancer cases.  7. Lower the cost of medicines.  8. Control dengue outbreaks.  9. Reduce diarrhea outbreaks (gastroenteritis, typhoid and cholera)  10. Control the growing HIV-AIDS epidemic. 

Question 26

Epidemiology and the nurse

Answer 26

As a nurse epidemiologist, you are tasked with ensuring that patients receive optimal care while reducing the risk of infection. Additionally, you will focus on prevention methods, infection management and direct patient nursing.

Question 27

Community health nurses use epidemiological concepts to?

Answer 27

improve the health of population groups by identifying risk factors and optimal approaches that reduce disease risk and promote health.

Question 28

refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment.

Answer 28

Natural history of disease

Question 29

describes the course of the disease in an individual starting from the moment of exposure to the casual agents till one of the possible outcomes occurs.

Answer 29

natural history of a disease

Question 30

What is the importance of the natural history of a disease?

Answer 30

Understanding the natural history of a disease is an important prerequisite for designing studies that assess the impact of interventions, both chemotherapeutic and environmental, on the initiation and expression of the condition.

Question 31

What is the importance of the natural history of a disease?

Answer 31

Understanding the natural history of a disease is an important prerequisite for designing studies that assess the impact of interventions, both chemotherapeutic and environmental, on the initiation and expression of the condition.

Question 32

Natural history phenomena

Answer 32

Induction: time to disease initiation Incubation: time to symptoms (infectious disease) Latency: time to detection (NCDs) or to infectiousness in CD

Question 33

The natural history of disease can be divided into two stages

Answer 33

1. Pre-pathogenesis 2. Pathogenesis phase

Question 34

The pathogenesis phase is divided into:

Answer 34

Stage of subclinical disease Stage of clinical disease Stage of disability

Question 35

the ability of an infectious agent to cause infection, measured as the proportion of persons exposed to an infectious agent who become infected

Answer 35

infectivity 

Question 36

is the quality or state of being pathogenic, the potential ability to produce disease, whereas virulence is the disease producing power of an organism, the degree of pathogenicity within a group or species

Answer 36

pathogenicity

Question 37

is described as an ability of an organism to infect the host and cause a disease. Virulence factors are the molecules that assist the bacterium colonize the host at the cellular level.

Answer 37

Virulence

Question 38

Importance of studying natural history of disease

Answer 38

Natural history is as important as casual understanding for the prevention and control of disease. The earlier you can become aware of the disease the more likely you will be able to intervene and save lives. Decides appropriate intervention at appropriate stage of disease.

Question 39

is a model for explaining the organism causing the disease and the conditions that allow it to reproduce and spread.

Answer 39

epidemiologic triangle

Question 40

is the microorganism that actually causes the disease in question. It could be some form of bacteria, virus, fungus, or parasite.

Answer 40

agent

Question 41

agent infects the ______, which is the organism that carries the disease.

Answer 41

host

Question 42

Outside factors can affect an epidemiologic outbreak as well; collectively these are referred to as the ___________

Answer 42

environment

Question 43

is a viral infection that targets a person’s immune system, making it more vulnerable to other forms of infection.

Answer 43

HIV

Question 44

to identify a problem, collect data, formulate and test hypotheses. It involves the collection and analysis of more facts or data to determine the cause of illness and to implement control measures to prevent additional illness.

Answer 44

epidemiologic investigation

Question 45

Steps in an epidemiologic investigation:

Answer 45

1. Confirm the existence of an epidemic or an outbreak 2. Confirm the diagnosis 3. Determine the number of cases