Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathophysiology II > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

(80 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

hepatic =

A

pertaining to liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 surfaces of liver

A

superior/ diaphragmatic
inferior/ visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

units of liver

A

hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

oxygenated blood supply into liver

A

proper hepatic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

deoxygenated blood out

A

portal vein, hepatic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does liver do?

A

removes glucose from bloodstream and stores it as glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is glycogen?

A

forms of glucose that is stored in liver and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is bilirubin?

A

pigment excreted into the digestive fluid called BILE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

excessive amounts of bilirubin =

A

jaundice/icteric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

major ligament that divides left and right lobes

A

falciform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

abc produces what inside the macrophage?

A

unconjugated bilirubin (type 1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is unconjugated bilirubin lipid soluble?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where is unconjugated bilirubin found?

A

blood stream, never in urine!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does liver do with unconjugated bilirubin?

A

combines it with albumin to make conjugate it in the hepatocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

is conjugated bilirubin water soluble?

A

yes, therefore it goes into urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do you make primary bile salts?

A

primary bile acids colic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, conjugated with glycine and taurine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do primary bile salts form?

A

micelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is Jaundice?

A

Excessive amounts of bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

if skin seems yellowish, can you assume it is?

A

no, look at eyes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If sclera of eyes are yellow, is it likely jaundice?

A

yes, but still need to order lab tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what confirms jaundice in lab tests?

A

Conjugated Bilirubin percentage (CB% = CB:Total Bilirubin (TB)) Ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

3 levels of jaundice?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is prehepatic jaundice?

A

it means pathology is going on before liver, in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is hepatic jaundice?

A

pathology happening in the liver (in the process of accepting bilirubin, impairment of intake, or in converting or conjugating bilirubin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
post hepatic jaundice?
pathology is after liver, maybe obstructed before or inside of the gall bladder
26
CB < 20% is what kind of jaundice?
unconjugated hyperbilirubin (UCB), pre-hepatic jaundice
27
who gets CB < 20%
newborns, Gilbert syndrom
28
what is porphyrin?
Porphyrin is a group of organic heterocyclic compounds that are comprised of four modified pyrrole subunits connected via methine bridges and form an aromatic macrocyclic structure, which has one or more side chains attached. Many porphyrins are naturally occurring pigments.
29
CB 20% - 50% jaundice is called?
Hepatic Jaundice: Mixed jaundice of UCB and CB
30
Diagnoses of Hepatic Jaundice?
Hepatitis Hepatocellular carcinoma
31
what is CB > 50% called?
Post-hepatic jaundice, conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
32
Post-hepatic jaundice diagnoses
bile duct obstruction (intra/extrahepatic)
33
what is viral hepatitis?
disease manifestations due to viral infection of hepatocytes
34
what do infection of hepatocytes lead to?
apoptosis of hepatocytes
35
what does apoptosis of hepatocytes lead to?
necrosis
36
causes of loss of functional hepatocytes?
-Elevation of liver enzymes (ALT, AST) -Hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice)
37
Sx of viral hepatitis?
It can be asymptomatic or present with malaise, weakness, nausea, anorexia, jaundice, dark urine
38
Acute Viral Hepatitis defined as?
viral hepatitis with signs and symptoms < 6 mo
39
Chronic Viral Hepatitis defined as?
viral hepatitis with signs and symptoms > 6 mo
40
How is Hepatitis A transmitted?
Fecal-Oral (contaminated food, water, close body contact, rarely blood thru drug use or transfusion)
41
Immune response to HAV
ALT spikes in the first two months, immunoglobulin (IgM) anti-HAV mounts after a month and comes down at 5.5 months, and total anti-HAV continues to go up for over a year
42
Cases in US going up or down?
43
Acute or recent HAV infection serology
Anti-HAV IgM
44
Prior infection or immunization serology
Anti-HAV IgG
45
HAV Treatment
* Bed rest * If nausea and vomit are pronounced à oral intake substantially decreased à IV 10% Glucose is indicated * Diet à palatable meals as tolerated, no overfeeding * No strenuous physical exercise, alcohol, hepatotoxic agents * Corticosteroids have no benefit in viral hepatitis, including acute liver failure
46
Incubation period of HAV
15-50 days Average: 28 days Abrupt onset
47
HBV incubation period
45-160 days (old: 50—180) Insidious onset
48
severity of HAV?
Mild
49
Severity of HBV
Occasionally severe
50
incubation period of HCV
14-180 days (Old: 20-90) Insidious onset
51
Severity of HCV
Usually subclinical
52
what is Ag
Antigen
53
what is Ab
Antibody
54
what is Ig?
Immunoglobulin
55
What does Hb Ag mean?
Hepatitis B antigen
56
what is HBV
Hepatitis B virus (enveloped, partially doublestranded DNA virus)
57
what is Hbs Ag?
Antigen found on SURFACE of HBV, incubation period, continued presence indicates carrier state (still can transmit to others)
58
What is Anti-Hbs Ag?
Antibody to Hbs Ag, incubation, chronic or cured/convalescent stage, or post HBV vaccination, or history of HBV
59
HbC Ag?
Antigen associated with CORE of HBV, rather than the surface
60
Anti-Hbc Ag
Antibody to Hbc Ag, positive during window phase, IgM Hbc Ab is an indicator of recent disease, first to appear – initial 1-2 weeks of infection (early stage of infection)
61
Hbe Ag?
A second, different antigenic determinant on HBV core, important indicator of transmissibility, EARLY stage presence of HBV
62
Anti-Hbe Ag?
Antibody to Hbe Ag, indicates low transmissibility, indicates patient that about to recover from infection (not last long)
63
Delta Agent?
Small RNA virus with Hbs Ag envelope, defective virus that replicates only in HBV- infected cells Linda Morse TCM Review – Hepatitis and CNT section. Rarely ordered as a lab test.
64
Most important HBV test?
The surface tests. Hbs Ag, anti-Hbc Ab IgM
65
66
Tx of HBV?
anti-viral agents Most popular are TAF and TDF, similar to anti-HIV drugs
67
HCV is shifting to what age demographic?
from older to younger, namely through injection-drug use
68
efficacy of all-oral, well-tolerated, highly effective Direct Acting Antivirals (DAA's)
95-99%
69
New tools, what does Liver Stiffness by transient elastography do?
measure amount of fibrosis
70
why is it important to know fibrosis?
Level of severity of disease
71
3 stages of Alcohol Liver Disease
Hepatic Steatosis (fatty change) Alcohol Hepatitis Alcohol Cirrhosis
72
Hepatic Steatosis early on
* Alcohol is metabolized to triacylglycerol * Reversible with alcohol abstinence, eating less fat * Liver is enlarged and may be tender
73
During fasting for liver cleanup
promotes breakdown of stored fats in liver
74
Alcoholic hepatitis 2nd stage
* Acute illness caused by acetaldehyde following binge drinking * Some may have no symptoms and others may have RUQ abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, jaundice, malaise, anorexia, or even fulminant liver failure
75
What's a mallory body?
a necrotic hepatocyte with no nucleus and keratin buildup
76
Alcoholic cirrhosis (3rd stage of Alcohol Liver Disease)
* Develops in 15% of alcoholics * Typically micronodullar or Laennec cirrhosis
77
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis -> Cirrhosis from fat buildup.
78
causes of NASH
Obesity, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, Type 2 Diabetes
79
Morbidity for NASH?
33.2% died or underwent liver transplant
80
Gold Standard for determining severity of NASH
Liver biopsy

Pathophysiology II (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions